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Question 1

• broad viewpoint, perspective, or lens that permit social scientists to have a wide range of tools to describe society, and then to build hypotheses and theories
• guiding principles or belief systems
• philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

Answer 1

Paradigm

Question 2

Three main paradigms

Answer 2

1. Functionalist paradigm
2. Conflict paradigm
3. Symbolic interactionist paradigm

Question 3

Study social events, interactions, and patterns, and they develop a theory in an attempt to explain why things work as they do

Answer 3

Sociologists

Question 4

Seeks to explain social phenomena

constantly evolving and should never be considered complete

Answer 4

Sociological theory

Question 5

These are also called testable propositions about society as these are created with the use of theories

Answer 5

Hypothesis

Question 6

attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change

Answer 6

Grand theories

Question 7

Level of Analysis: Macro or mid

Focus: The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole

Answer 7

Sturctural Functionalism

Question 8

Level of Analysis: Macro

Focus: The way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power

Answer 8

Conflict Theory

Question 9

Level of Analysis: Micro

Focus: One-to-one interactions and communications

Answer 9

Symbolic Interactionism

Question 10

English philosopher and biologist who saw similarities between society and the human body

He argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning

Answer 10

Hebert Spencer (1820 - 1903)

Question 11

The parts of society that Herbert Spencer referred to were the __________, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs

• such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy.

Answer 11

Social Institutions

Question 12

believed that society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability, and that society is held together by shared values, languages, and symbols

believed that individuals may make up society, but in order to study society, sociologists have to look beyond individuals to social facts

Answer 12

Emile Durkheim

Question 13

the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

Answer 13

Social Facts

Question 14

Social ties within a group

Answer 14

Social solidarity

Question 15

pointed out that social processes often have many functions

Manifest functions vs latent functions

Answer 15

Robert Merton (1910-2003)

Question 16

consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated

Answer 16

Manifest Functions

Question 17

the unsought consequences of a social process

can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful

Answer 17

Latent Functions

Question 18

Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

Answer 18

Dysfunctions

Question 19

Conflict theory
> bourgeoisie (capitalist)
> proletariat (workers)

Answer 19

Karl Marx

Question 20

looks at society as a competition for limited resources

Answer 20

Conflict theory

Question 21

Marx’s term for the proletarian’s inability to see her real position within the class system, a mis-recognition that is complicated by the control that the bourgeoisie often exerts over the media outlets that disseminate and normalize information

Answer 21

False consciousness

Question 22

structural constrains that prevent workers from joining together

Answer 22

Class consciousness

Question 23

German sociologist that agreed with some of Marx’s main ideas, but also believed that in addition to economic inequalities, there were inequalities of political power and social structure that caused conflict. (Different backgrounds)

Answer 23

Max Weber

Question 24

articulated the conflict perspective when she theorized a connection between an increase in lynching and an increase in black socio-economic mobility in the United States from the late 1800s into the mid-20th century

examined competition within the feminist movement as women fought for the right to vote, yet the presumably egalitarian mainstream suffragist movements were headed by white women who excluded black women from suffrage

Answer 24

Ida B. Wells

Question 25

examined race in the U.S. and in U.S. colonies from a conflict perspective, and emphasized the importance of a reserve labor force, made up of black men

Answer 25

W.E.B DuBois

Question 26

developed to fill a void in Marxism and neo-Marxism that examined class, but not gender as a distinct category

examines gender and gender inequality and also points out the male-centric aspects of conflict theory

Answer 26

Feminist theory

Question 27

feminist sociology has focused on the power relationships and inequalities between women and men

Answer 27

Harriet Martineau

Question 28

examines multiple, overlapping identities that include black, Latina, Asian, gay, trans, working class, poor, single parent, working, stay-at-home, immigrant, and undocumented women, among others

Answer 28

Intersectional theory

Question 29

micro-level theory that focuses on meanings attached to human interaction, both verbal and non-verbal, and to symbols

Answer 29

Symbolic interactionist theory

Question 30

Looking-glass self (1902)
– describe how a person’s self of self grows out of interactions with others, and he proposed a threefold process for this development:

1) we see how others react to us,
2) we interpret that reaction (typically as positive or negative) and
3) we develop a sense of self based on those interpretations

Answer 30

Charles Horton Cooley

Question 31

considered a founder of symbolic interactionism, though he never published his work on this subject

Answer 31

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

Question 32

Coined “symbolic interactionism”

Student of george herbert mead

outlined these basic premises:
– humans interact with things based on meanings ascribed to those things;
– the ascribed meaning of things comes from our interactions with others and society;
– the meanings of things are interpreted by a person when dealing with things in specific circumstances

Answer 32

Herbert Blumer

Question 33

Dramaturgical analysis

Play – “scripts” – role

Answer 33

Erving Goffman (1922-1982)

Question 34

an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be

We develop social constructs based on interactions with others, and those constructs that last over time are those that have meanings which are widely agreed-upon or generally accepted by most within the society

Answer 34

Constructivism