. Flashcards
1
Q
these are direct questions having an extreme and specific relationship to the crime or matter under investigation and these direct or key questions are asked by the examiner in order to resolve a specific subject matter.
A
Relevant Question
2
Q
these are relevant questions having an intense and specific relationship with the crime or problem being considered. Designed to test for direct involvement only and specifically designed to produce an emotional response of guilty subject
A
Strong Relevant or Primary or Crucial Question
3
Q
These are questions concern in some secondary aspects of the crime or problem deals mostly on guilty knowledge and partial involvement.
A
Weak Relevant or Secondary Question
4
Q
These are questions formulated without specific relationship to the case under investigation. They are intended to establish subject’s physiological norm and to lessen the excitement stage produced by relevant question. In these questions the examiner usually refer to dates, names of place. Subject’s position, etc.
A
Irrelevant question
5
Q
This question is designed to produce a response in the innocent subject and serves as a basis for evaluating the subject’s perceptual set.
A
Control Question (Probable Lie)
6
Q
is based on a known lie. It must concern about events that transpired within 3 to 5 years period before case under investigation occurred. Ex. “Before reaching the age of 20, have you ever stolen anything?”
A
Primary Control Question
7
Q
is more specific in nature and is based on another experience or wrongdoing, which will enhance the opportunity for responsiveness. Its scope covers up to the present period. The question for responsiveness must not be related to the case under investigation
A
Secondary Control Question
8
Q
This question is designed to probe whether the subject possesses information regarding the identity of the offender, or as to the location of the evidence or other secondary elements of the facts of the case under investigation.
A
Knowledge Question
9
Q
This is designed to obtain the responses generally generated by the introduction of the first relevant question in the series. It reveals the subject’s norm plus stimulus and excitement level.
A
Sacrifice or DYAT Question
10
Q
These are series of relevant and control questions in a planned order. The questions are so arranged in order to compare the subject’s responses between each type of questions.
A
GENERAL QUESTION TEST/GENERAL SERIES TEST
11
Q
The examiner shows the subject seven (7) variously numbered cards. Face down. The cards are arranged in such a way the examiner will immediately know which card has been picked by the subject. The cards with numbers 15, 8, 5, 3, 4, 14, and 12 are used. The subject is instructed to select one card, look at it and memorize the number of the card selected and put it back to the group without showing it to the examiner or otherwise identify the number.
A
CARD OR NUMBER TEST (STIMULATION VERIFICATION TEST)
12
Q
This test contains previously asked questions in GQT. With the number corresponding to the number of the question on the earlier test, the mixture would be.
A
SPOT RESPONDER TEST
13
Q
The subject is instructed to refrain from giving any audible answer. The subject is told to listen to each test question and to answer only to himself, silently. Moreover he is to think of the truthful answer and give that truthful answer to himself, but silently.
A
SILENT ANSWER TEST
14
Q
In instances where distortions occurred on the Test 1, Test 2 ,Test 3, the YES test should be administered before the Test 4. The test is conducted by instructing the subject to say “YES” to all questions to be asked, including those pertaining to the matter under investigation. The Control questions are however eliminated.
A
YES Test
15
Q
If the respond on the previous test is doubtful, it becomes necessary to conduct additional test. This consist of a regarding fictitious incidents or a similar nature but one which appears to be real in so far as the subject is concerned. The purpose of this test is to compare the responses with those that appeared on the actual test record when question were asked about the matter under investigation.
A
Guilt Complex Test
16
Q
The investigator will prepare seven (7) questions and one of them has a specific bearing on the matter under investigation. The specific question must refer to some details of the incident, which could have not been to the subject.
A
PEAK OF TENSION TEST
17
Q
- the polygraph technique most commonly used for polygraph interrogation concerning a single issue, and it is used especially in criminal investigations.
A
ZONE COMPARISON TEST
18
Q
improved version of BZCT.
A
The Utah Zone Comparison Technique (UZCT)
19
Q
COLOR ZONES IDENTIFYING OF QUESTIONS
A
RED ZONE - Strong Relevant Question
GREEN ZONE - Control Question (Probable Lie)
BLACK ZONE - Symtomatic Questions only (Outside Issues)
YELLOW ZONE - Irrelevant Questions & Sacrifice Questions
20
Q
process of writing standard and customized signs on the polygraph chart to denote the subject’s reactions and other circumstances that occur during the actual polygraph test.
A
CHART MARKING
21
Q
short vertical lines (usually about 1/8 of an inch) placed below the descending stroke of the cardio tracing denoting precisely the beginning and at the end of the stimulus question.
A
Stimulus marks
22
Q
complete record of the pneumograph, cardiograph, and galvanograph tracings from the moment the actual questioning of the subject starts until it ends
A
Polygram
23
Q
developed and introduced uniform
A
Cleve Backster
24
Q
no physiological evidence - no value
A
Average Tracing Segment
25
shows physiological evidence (sympathetic subdivision of ANS) - with value
Reaction Tracing Segment
26
shows physiological evidence (parasympathetic subdivision of ANS) - with value
Relief Tracing Segment
27
a segment within a tracing that departs from the average - lack in psychological origin (conditional)
Distortion tracing Segment
28
Starting the test
It indicates that the test begins. Wait for 15-20 seconds before asking the first question
X
29
When the first question is asked
to indicate the beginning and the ending of the question
/ (start) // (end)
30
-No sign if the subject fails to answer or when SAT Test in conducted.
-Signs are placed below or at the right side of the number of the question.
“+” for YES “–” for NO
31
Talking by the subject other than YES or NO
starts to talk and again where the subject stops.
Draw a line between the two to indicate the length of talking
T T
32
Talking instruction
cardio pattern when the subject is tactfully instructed regarding talking. Indication is made on the chart below the cardio pattern.
TI
33
Coughing
the pneumo tracing where the break is shown. It can also cause a sharp ring on the galvano and a break on cardio pattern
C
34
Clearing of Throat
is placed on the chart for clearing of throat and is frequently placed below the pneumo tracing, both galvano and cardio tracings may be affected depending on its intensity.
CT
35
Sigh
indicated inside the pneumo tracing exactly where it took place. It may be indicative of deception or mere denotes relief, because of the psychological implications involved, it must be distinguished from deep breath.
S
36
Sniff
placed below the pneumo tracing where the sniff was noted.
SN
37
Sneeze
placed just below the pneumo tracing at the point where sneeze occurred. Such occurrence will affect all three tracing to varying degrees.
SZ
38
Burp or Belch
indicated just below the pneumo tracing where burp occurs. Burping affects both pneumo and galvano tracing
B
39
placed on the chart if the subject laughs and should be placed below the break point in the pneumo tracing. This will also affect the cardio tracing.
L
40
Yawn
Y
41
Movements
M
42
Change of Voice
VC
43
Involuntary Movement
IM
44
Ending the test
XX
45
These should be written above the pneumo tracing near the beginning of the chart for identification.
- Subject’s name, rank or profession
- Date and time of examination
- Test or Chart number
- Initial of the Examiner
46
Conclusions That A Polygraph Examiner May Reach
1. Subject is telling the truth
2. Subject is not telling the truth
3. The result is inconclusive
47
occurs when a truthful examinee
is reported as being deceptive.
False Positive
48
when a deceptive examinee is
reported as truthful.
False Negative
49
CAUSES OF POLYGRAPH ERRORS
1. Failure of examiner to properly prepare the
examinee for the examination.
2. Misreading of the physiological data on the
polygraph charts.
3. Defective polygraph machine.
50
CAN A PERSON BE COMPELLED TO BE SUBJECTED TO A LIE DETECTOR TEST?
In as much as the test requires the subject to answer the question either by yes or no, it infers the use of intelligence and attention or other mental faculties which is self-incriminatory. Therefore, a person CANNOT be compelled to be subjected to the test.
51
Today, some polygraph examiners refer to be called
Forensic Psychophysiologist (FP)
52
The FP has several tasks in performing PVE
1. Collecting facts of the case
2. Formulating questions
3. Setting up the interrogation room and the polygraph
4. Profiling and preparing the subject being tested
5. Asking questions
6. Chart marking
7. Chart probing
8. Chart interpretation
53
Many schools around the USA have been set up to train people to conduct polygraph examinations. One of these schools is the
Axciton International Academy
54
KINDS OF PEOPLE TO BE INTERROGATED
A. Suspect
B. Complainants
C. Witnesses
55
having an intense and specific relationship to the offense or problem being considered.
Strong or primary relevant`
56
deals with secondary elements of the crime and probe mostly on guilty knowledge and partial involvement.
Secondary or weak relevant
57
designed to uncover the subject’s attitude, cooperation towards the test. DYAT – Do you intend to answer the question truthfully?
Sacrifice or DYAT
58
designed to probe whether the subject's possessing information regarding the identity of the offender, the location of the evidence, or other necessary elements of the case facts, DYK – Do You Know?
Knowledge or DYK
59
are questions about some specific piece of evidence found at the scene of the crime to focus the subject's attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would establish his guilt.
Evidence Connecting questions
60
are questions used for protection against loss of psychological control as approaching the end of the question series.
LTQ – Lied to any Questions.
LTQ Questions
61
are questions regarding wrongdoing, unrelated but is of similar and less severe nature to the investigation, and to which the subject will lie or if he does not lie he will think about it at the time it is asked or be unsure of the complete truthfulness of his answer.
Control Questions
62
To produce greater stress than offense (relevant) questions in the subject’s responding truthfully to queries about the offense.
Control Questions
63
To evoke less stress than the offense (relevant) questions in tricky subjects.
Control Questions
64
are questions about the fictitious crime, which is almost similar in nature and equal in weight to the offense under investigation.
Guilt Complex Questions
65
Purpose: To determine if the subject is a guilt complex reactor with an abnormal mental association.
To ascertain if the subject is giving reflected reactions due to knowledge of complicity in crime with a similar situation.
To determine if there is deception in answering the relevant questions about the offense under investigation.
Guilt Complex Questions
66
are questions that relate to the subject trust in the examiner regarding confinement to the original issue under investigation.
Purpose: To ascertain presence of subject’s hidden fears or apprehension unrelated to the issue.
Symptomatic Questions
67
Suspect ex. Do you suspect anyone in particular who committed the offense? K = Know or Knowledge, and Y = You.
Purpose: To confirm a specific response from previous charts taken.
To detect indirect/direct involvement or guilty knowledge
SKY Questions
68
is the preparatory stage for a polygraph examination. These include all consideration bearing on polygraph examination up to the time of actual activation of the examination. (Pre-Interview, Data Collection, Introduction of the Instruments, Explanation of the Waiver, etc.
Pre-Test
69
– the actual questioning to the subject in polygraph examination from the time the necessary attachment are placed on the subject until the time instrument is deactivated.– the actual questioning to the subject in polygraph examination from the time the necessary attachment are placed on the subject until the time instrument is deactivated.
Test Execution (Questioning Phase)
70
– the actual questioning to the subject in polygraph examination from the time the necessary attachment are placed on the subject until the time instrument is deactivated.– the actual questioning to the subject in polygraph examination from the time the necessary attachment are placed on the subject until the time instrument is deactivated.
Test Execution (Questioning Phase)
71
the consideration that bears polygraph examination from the time the instrument is deactivated following final polygraph examination until the diagnostic opinion is reported and the case is concluded
Post –Test
72
the mere observation made by the examiner to the subject upon his/her arrival until the subjects are brought to the examination room.
Preliminaries
73
an initial interview made upon the subject before the actual test or polygraph examination is done.
Pre-Test or Interview
74
question formulation
Test/Question Preparation
75
the placement of the necessary attachment upon the body of the subject for the polygraph test
Attachmen
76
a segment within a tracing that shows no physiological evidence in the emotional level within the stress area on the polygraph chart – polygrams. (no value)
Average Tracing Segment
77
a segment within a tracing that shows physiological evidence that the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system has become more active, indicating a psychological change from the subject's average emotional level. (with Value)
Reaction Tracing Segment
78
a segment within a tracing that shows physiological evidence that the parasympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system has become active, following the stress area on the polygraph chart, indicating a psychological return to the subject's exhibited average emotional level. (With Value
Relief Tracing Segment
79
a segment within a tracing that departs from the average emotional level but lacks physiological evidence of either sympathetic or parasympathetic activation within the stress area on the polygraph chart, indicating a lack in psychological origin. (Conditional)
Distortion tracing Segment
80
is the test about the case under investigation. These are the sequence of relevant, irrelevant, and control questions asked in a designed order. The items are arranged in order to contrast the subject's responses between relevant questions and control questions. The answer to the questions is restricted to yes or no only.
GENERAL QUESTION TEST (GQT)
81
is intended to assure the innocent examinee of the accurateness of the test and of the test and of the competency of the polygraphist. It further serves to arouse the guilty examinee.
verification test
82
is one of the techniques in polygraph examination developed by Cleve Backster.
ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE
83
is usually used for polygraph interrogation regarding the single issue, mainly used in a criminal investigation
Backster Tri-Zone Comparison Technique (BTZCT
84
was developed by Prof. James Allan Matte in 1977 after two years of research and experimentation with facetious (teasing) crime test used in conjunction with the actual test in real-life circumstances; employed to deal with an innocent subject’ fear of error and the guilty subject’s hope of error.
Matte Quadri-Track Comparison Technique (MQZCT
85
was developed by the DoDPI, also known as BiZone Comparison Test.
Bi-Spot Zone Comparison Technique (BZCT
86
was developed in 1987 by Nathan J. Gordon, William W. Waid, and Philip M. Cocheti; the most significant deviation from the original ZCT of Cleve Backster.
Integrated Zone Comparison Technique (IZCT)
87
is the improved version of BZCT. Some traditional polygraph examiners still use, and they usually administer it in this manner
Utah Zone Comparison Technique (UZCT)
88
is the process of writing standard and customized signs on the polygraph chart to denote the subject’s reactions and other circumstances that occur during the actual polygraph test. Marking the paper chart while the polygraph pens are writing on it will facilitate the evaluation and interpretation of the subject’s reactions.
Chart marking
89
is a procedure that plays a vital role. Neglecting the appropriate chart marking process for a couple of seconds may cause misinterpretations later on that further result in tragic consequences and merely failing to punctually write the stimulus marks on the paper chart that will cause mistake of the polygram.is the process of writing standard and customized signs on the polygraph chart to denote the subject’s reactions and other circumstances that occur during the actual polygraph test. Marking the paper chart while the polygraph pens are writing on it will facilitate the evaluation and interpretation of the subject’s reactions.
Chart marking
90
are short vertical lines (usually about 1/8 of an inch) placed below the descending stroke of the cardio tracing denoting precisely the beginning and at the end of the stimulus question.
Stimulus marks
91
refers to the complete record of the pneumograph, cardiograph, and galvanograph tracings from the moment the actual questioning of the subject starts until it ends. It contains the duplicates (norm and deviation from the norm), stimulus marks, and symbols skillfully written by the polygraph examiner while asking questions to a subject
Polygram
92
who developed and introduced uniform chart marking.
Cleve Backster
93
Cleve Backster completed a 4-page article entitled
Uniform Chart Marking
94
LIMITATIONS OF THE SUBJECT TO UNDERGO POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. The subject must have a good night's sleep at least five (5) hours before the test.
2. The subject must refrain from smoking for at least two (2) hours before the test.
3. The subject should not undergo prolonged interrogation before the test.
4. The subject must not have been subjected to physical abuse or body contact.
5. The subject must refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages or any drugs 12 hours before the test.
6. The subject must not be suffering from any temporary illnesses like headache, toothache, menstruation (female), colds, etc.
7. The subject should be physically fed.
8. The subject should not be engaged in sexual activities a few hours before the test.
95
The reliability of polygraph examination depends on the examiner, but the employment of the polygraph has its limitations to include:
1. It is an invaluable aid but not a substitute for investigation
2. It does not determine facts; it records responses from the subject knows to be true
3. It is not a lie detector; it is scientific diagnostic instrument
4. It is as accurate as the examiner is competent
5. The test should not be administered until enough facts of the case have been established to permit an examiner to prepare a complete set of suitable questions.
6. A test should not be administered without the voluntary consent of the subject.
7. No indication will be given to any person or written in any report that a person is guilty because he refuses to take the test.
8. The test should not be administered until the accusation has been explained to the subject.
9. No attempt to use the polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
10. An examination should not be conducted to unfit subjects.
96
OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. Determine if the subject is telling the truth by verifying statements and comparing conflicting reports.
2. Acquire additional investigative leads to the facts of an offense.
3. Locate fruits or tools of crime or whereabouts of wanted persons.
4. Identify the other persons involved.
5. Gain valuable information from an unwilling subject
97
USES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. It serves as investigative aid for the investigators to:
a. confirm the statements of victims
b. ascertain the credibility of witnesses
c. asses the truthfulness of suspects.
2. It speeds up the process of investigation
3. It eliminates innocent subjects
98
PURPOSES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
TO determine the truth or deception based on the presence of emotional disturbances of the subject appearing on the recorded physiological responses to question relative to the case under investigation.
99
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXAMINATION ROOM
1. It must be a semi-sound proof room.
2. Free from extraneous noises.
3. No other spectators allowed in the room.
4. No conversation of persons outside the examination room.
5. No ringing of telephones, pagers or cellular phones.
6. The arresting officer should be kept out.
7. It should contain no ornaments, picture, or other objects.
8. The subject should not face a glass window or another room during the test because of the possible destruction, which may affect test responses.
9. The lighting fixture of the room should be arranged in such a way to provide good but not excessive glaring illumination.
10. Should be adequately ventilated, with an even and comfortable temperature.
11. There should be an observation room or a one-way mirror or the arrangement should be similar to a psychology laboratory. It should be concealed with an equipped microphone, camera, video cameras so that outside the observation room can hear a well as see what occurs on the examination room.
100
The kind of lie that has the purpose of misleading the justice in favor of himself or towards other persons. It is sometimes called chronic lie for it is done occasionally accompanied by plots and plans.
MALICIOUS LIE.
101
The kind of lie of a person that has something to do with communist propaganda that is against the government of the country.
RED LIE.
102
The kind of lie that is used to maintain the harmony of friendship, relationship in the home, and or office.
BENIGN OR WHITE LIE
103
KINDS OF LIE
1. BENIGN OR WHITE LIE
2. RED LIE.
3. MALICIOUS LIE
104
TYPES OF LIAR
A. PANIC LIAR
B. OCCUPATIONAL LIAR
C. TOURNAMENT LIAR
D. PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR
E. ETHOLOGICAL LIAR
F. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR
G. BLACK LIAR
105
The person who always pretends. It also refers to those persons who keep on adding remarks to themselves.
BLACK LIAR
106
Refers to a person who cannot distinguish right from wrong. Sometimes, other professional authors of the book relate to an insane person or to a person whose mind is sick.
PATHOLOGICAL LIAR
107
The who was taught not to be a squealer. This kind of liar is usually coming from the underworld gang for the member not to reveal any secret of their organization
ETHOLOGICAL LIAR
108
The type of liar that is considered the most difficult one for the person has no conscience and shows no regret for dishonest and no manifestation of guilt.
PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR
109
The person lies because it is the only weapon remaining to defend his side. This person realizes that he or she will probably be convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing his confessions. He wants that people will believe that the law punishes an innocent person
TOURNAMENT LIAR
110
The person who has lied for spare years. He is the kind of person who is called a practical liar and lies when it has higher "pay off" than telling the truth.
OCCUPATIONAL LIAR
111
The one who lies to avoid the consequences of confession for he believes that revelation will just make the matter worst. The person is afraid of embarrassment to love ones, and it is a severe blow to his/her ego.
PANIC LIAR
112
o Begin to act like children
o Memories are like children
o Senses are already defective
o They are not quite good witnesses
o They need respect from others
o They are irritable and sensitive
o Become more religious
o Preparation to death
o Beginning to tell experiences of the pass
61 Years Old to Death
113
o He begins to realize his place in society
o Materialistic
o They are already matured
o Temper begins to lessen
26-60 Years Old: They Can be the Best Witnesses
114
o They realize that they are not that important persons
o They begin to be adults
o They become responsible
o At this stage, girls start to marry
o They begin to be sociable
20-25 years old: Ego of the Subject Begins to Lessen
115
o Association to gang/groups
o Age of imitation and idolatry
o Most juvenile delinquents are at this stage
o Ego is developed
13-19 Years Old: Fantastic and Reality Stage of Subject
116
Fantastic Stage of Subject
7-12 Years Old
117
The (3) General Types of Subjects.
1. Victim or complainant
2. Witness
3. Suspect
118
Types or Kinds of Subject for the Polygraph Test
a. Emotional Offender
b. Non-emotional Offender
119
1. The person who commits crimes in the beat of passion.
2. The person whose offense is of accidental.
Emotional Offender
120
1. The person who commit crimes for financial gain.
Non-emotional Offender
121
THOSE GUILT IS DOUBTFUL OR UNCERTAIN
Techniques in interrogating this kind of offenders
1. Create a situation [fishing technique question]
2. Detect the clues of deception
3. Try to determine what crimes these subject/person has committed.
4. Never agree or condemn the subject
5. Create in the subject at belief relationship.
6. Understand the subject’s point of view.
7. Confidence and belief relationship should come before empathy.
8. Have an interest in the personal problem of the subject.
9. Establish relationship. Never belittle the subject.
10. There should be no criticism [never condemn the person or anybody else]
11. Feedback is intended to keep the subject talking.
12. Never criticize the subject.
122
Techniques for Non-emotional Offenders
a. Point out the fertility of resistance
b. Appeal to the subject’s prude by well-selected flattery, or by a challenge to his honor.
c. Point out the subject the grave consequence and fertility of a continuation of his offensive behavior.
d. When unsuccessful in obtaining a confession regarding the offense in question seek [for use a wedge-to crowd or compress]
e. When co-offenders are being interrogated, and the previously described techniques are ineffective "Play one against the other" [point out that among one of them has already admitted his guilt and implicit him in the offense].
123
These are persons who commit crimes for financial gain, theft, robbery, killing for money, or more, particular persons who are repeaters. These offenders have no moral guilt not troubled by conscience. They do not wake up at night. His only concern is that will he be going to be caught.
Non-Emotional Offenders
124
1. Person who commit crimes in the heat of passion, anger or revenge [homicide injuries, etc.]
2. Persons whose offenses are accidental like hit and run motorist. Emotional offenders have a feeling of remorse, mental anguish as a result of his act. HE is bothered by his conscience and has a difficulty of resting or sleeping.
Emotional Offenders
125
Emotional Offenders Techniques
a. Display an air of confidence on the guilt of the subject
b. Pint out the circumstantial evidence indicative of guilt
c. Call attention to the subjects' psychological and physiological symptoms of guilt.
d. Sympathize with the subject by telling him that anyone else under similar conditions or circumstances have committed a similar offense.
e. Reduce a subject feeling by minimizing the moral seriousness of the offense.
f. Sympathize with the subject by condemning his victim or his accomplice, or anyone else whom some degree of responsibility might conceivably be placed for the commission of the crime in question.
g. Express friendship in arguing with the subject to tell the truth by:
1. Extend external sympathy by such friendly gestures as a pat on the shoulder or knee, or by a grip of the hand
2. Tell the subject to tell the truth for the sake of his conscience; or moral well-being, as well as because it is the only decent and honorable thing to do.
3. Urge the subject to tell the truth for the sake of his conscience; or moral well-being, as for everybody concerned, and also because it is the only decent and honorable thing to do.
4. Let the subject talks of his misfortune and troubles in general, listen and console as a very mush interested and understanding friend.
h. Indicate to the subject, as a reason for telling the truth the possibility of exaggeration on the part of his accuser.
I. Seek a general admission of guilt. First, ask the subject a question as to some detail about the offense.
126
Offenders of society who are presumed to have committed the crime
Suspect
127
Are those persons who are offended by the suspects
Complainants
128
A person who knows something about the crime
Witnesses
129
is used during pre-trial investigation and preparations rather than during the actual trial.
polygraph evidence
