🥵 Flashcards
1
Q
what cell divison happens during the development from fertilized egg?
A
mitosis
2
Q
what are the tissue types during zygote development?
A
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
3
Q
what tissue type is the nervous system and sense organs?
A
ectoderm
4
Q
brain and beauty
A
ectoderm
5
Q
what tissue type is skeleton, heart and blood?
A
mesoderm
6
Q
what tissue type is gonads and dermis of skin?
A
mesoderm
7
Q
what tissue type is the lining of digestive and respiratory tracts?
A
endoderm
8
Q
digestive tissue
A
endoderm
9
Q
what are the 4 levels of organization in the body?
A
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
10
Q
example of 4 levels of organization: heart
A
cells= cardiac muscle cells
tissues= cardiac muscle
organs = heart
organ system= cardiovascular system
11
Q
what are the 4 specific tissue types?
A
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous system tissue
12
Q
what is epithelium?
A
covers every major surface of the vertebrate body
13
Q
what is epithelial tissue derived from?
A
all 3 germ layers
14
Q
two types of epithelial tissues
A
simple and stratified
15
Q
connective tissue is divided into?
A
connective tissue and special connective tissue
16
Q
what is connective tissue?
A
all cells in an extracellular material known as a matrix cells usually produce matrix around them
17
Q
what are the two types of connective tissue?
A
loose and dense
18
Q
connective tissue is?
A
beneath the skin, between organs provide support and insulation
19
Q
special connective tissues
A
dense: cartilage, bone
loose: blood
20
Q
what is the type of special connective tissue in which fibers are laid down?
A
cartilage
21
Q
cartilage is?
A
firm and flexible
chodrocytes
glycoprotein matrix
22
Q
what special connective tissue is constructed in thin connective layers?
A
bone
23
Q
blood is a special connective loose tissue that is?
A
essentially plasma is the matrix in which blood cells and platelets are suspended
24
Q
3 types of muscle tissues
A
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
25
smooth tissues (muscle)
organ of internal environment
(involuntary)
26
cardiac tissue(muscle)
composed of smaller, interconnected cells
27
skeletal tissue(muscle)
usually attached to the tendons of bones
28
what muscle tissues are striated?
cardiac and skeletal
29
how do muscle contract?
myosin comes in contact with the actin there is an overlap between them and they shorten to contact muscles
30
what controls muscle contraction?
motor unit and recruitment
31
motor unit
a motoneuron and all of its associated fibers
32
recruitment
nervous system use of increased numbers and sizes of motor units to produce stronger contraction
33
nervous tissue
cells include neurons and neurogila
34
neurons
are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses
35
neuralgia
maintains homeostasis, from myelin and support/protect the brains neurons
36
multiple sclerosis
disease of demyelination breaking down of the myelin
degenerative disease
37
where does information argue that triggers impulses?
dendrites
38
when do the muscle cells stimulate opening up channels?
-55 mV
39
action potential
Na+ channels open then close
K+ channels open then close
Na+/K+ pump
40
resting potential
inside cell when negatively charged
resting potential (-70mV)
activate by ion channels
41
nervous system is divided into two…
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
42
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
43
peripheral nervous system
spinal nerves and neuromuscular junctions
44
pns has to other systems
somatic(voluntary)
automonic(involuntary)
45
autonomic includes what systems?
sympathetic( flight or fight)
parasympathetic (rest and relax)
46
structure of synapses
are intercellular junction( spaces between cells)
47
what is a major excitatory neurotransmitter and involves learning and memory?
glutamate
48
what are some inhibitory neurotransmitter?
glycine and GABA
49
glycine involves?
sleep
50
GABA involves?
related to anxiety
51
what is in charge of motivation, addiction and pleasure?
dopamine
52
what neurotransmitter involves awareness and attention?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
53
serotonin regulates?
mood, motivation and depression(to little serotonin)
54
habituation
may lose the ability to respond to stimulus
55
cocaine is the re uptake of ?
dopamine
56
nitcotine is associated with dopamine and is considered a?
stimulant
57
the dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called
homeostasis
58
Negative Feedback
have a “push pull” action
negative feedback mechanism often loose each other to produce finer degree of control
59
example of negative feedback looking
if the hypothalamus detect high temperature, it promotes heat dissipation via sweating and the dilation of blood vessel in skin
60
postive feedback example
contraction of uterus during childbirth( oxytocin)
61
hormone
regulatory chemical that is secreted into extra cellular fluid and carried by the blood
62
endocrine system
organs and tissues that produce hormones, only targets with receptors
63
what can secrete a class of hormones that are carried by blood?
neurohormones
64
antidieurectic hormone (Adh)
caffeine inhibitors
stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys
65
endocrine
product secreted into extra cellular fluid and carried in blood( insulin)
66
exocrine
secrete product into a duct(ex. amylase)
67
who do single felled organism digest their food?
intracellularly
68
normal animals digest their food?
extracellularly
69
vertebrate digestive system
consists of tubular gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organ
70
what mammals have pointed teeth that lack large flat grinding surfaces?
carnivorous
71
what type of teeth do herbivores have to pulverize cellulose of cell wall?
have large, flat teeth suited to grinding
72
peristalsis
swallowing center stimulates successive waves of contraction that moves food along esophagus to stomach
73
what is approximately 4.5 m long and divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum?
the small intestine
74
duodenum
first part of the small intestine to complete the first phase of digestion
75
liver
largest internal organ of the body
breaks up fats= emulsification
76
four mechanisms of cell communication
direct contact
synaptic signaling
endocrine signaling
paracrine signaling
77
what is secreted by beta cells?
insulin
78
what is secreted by alpha cells?
glucagon
79
stimulates cellular uptake of blood glucose and its storage as glycogen in the liver/muscle cells
insulin
80
promotes the hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver and fat in adipose tissue
glucagon
81
what transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues by the cardiovascular system?
closed circulatory system
82
what carries blood?
arteries
83
how is blood returns to the heart?
veins
84
what vitamin is used for making visual pigments and maintains epithelial tissues?
vitamin A
85
vitamin A source
green vegetables
milk products
liver
86
important in forming collagen, cementum of bone, teeth, connective tissues of blood vessels
vitamin c
87
may help maintain resistance to infection
vitamin c
88
vitamin c source
fruit
leafy vegetables
89
what is the function of vitamin d?
increase absorption of calcium and promotes bone formation
90
what is essential to blood clotting?
vitamin k
91
what is the contraction of the smooth muscle layer of arteries that leads to decreased blood flow?
vasoconstriction
92
what is the relaxation of smooth muscle layers leading to the increase in blood flow?
vasodilation
93
what is involved/causes headaches?
vasoconstriction
94
blood clotting=
protection
95
when is blood fully oxygenated in a fishes heart?
when is passed through the gills
96
mammalian and birds have how many cambered heart?
4 chambered heart
97
what are the 4 chambered broken down into?
atria and verticiles
98
in a birds hear what side is oxygenated blood?
right atrium= deoxygenated
left atrium = oxygenated
99
what is the rest cycle part in the cardiac cycle called?
diastolic
100
systolic pressure
peak pressure
101
diastolic pressure
minimum
102
no sound
artery closed
103
pulse sound
systolic pressure
104
sound stops
diastolic pressure
105
what is angina pretoris
chest pain
106
what are heart attacks?
blocked arteries
107
strokes
interference with blood supply to the brain
108
atherosclerosis
accumulative within the arteries of fatty materials and various kinds of cellular debris
109
respiration in mammals
inhaled air to the larynx to the gloria to the trachea then some air remains in. the lungs for expiration
110
boyle’s law
as gas increases pressure decreases
111
what animals are hypertonic to their environment?
freshwater
112
what animals are hypotonic to their environment?
marine animals
113
what system is when blood is carried by the arteriole to the glomerulus to enter the nephron or tubes of the kidneys?
urinary system of women
114
what is the glomerulus
a capillary that allows fluid to filter
