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animal embryology and tissues > 🥵 > Flashcards

🥵 Flashcards

1
Q

what cell divison happens during the development from fertilized egg?

A

mitosis

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2
Q

what are the tissue types during zygote development?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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3
Q

what tissue type is the nervous system and sense organs?

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

brain and beauty

A

ectoderm

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5
Q

what tissue type is skeleton, heart and blood?

A

mesoderm

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6
Q

what tissue type is gonads and dermis of skin?

A

mesoderm

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7
Q

what tissue type is the lining of digestive and respiratory tracts?

A

endoderm

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8
Q

digestive tissue

A

endoderm

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9
Q

what are the 4 levels of organization in the body?

A

cells
tissues
organs
organ systems

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10
Q

example of 4 levels of organization: heart

A

cells= cardiac muscle cells
tissues= cardiac muscle
organs = heart
organ system= cardiovascular system

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11
Q

what are the 4 specific tissue types?

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous system tissue

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12
Q

what is epithelium?

A

covers every major surface of the vertebrate body

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13
Q

what is epithelial tissue derived from?

A

all 3 germ layers

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14
Q

two types of epithelial tissues

A

simple and stratified

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15
Q

connective tissue is divided into?

A

connective tissue and special connective tissue

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16
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

all cells in an extracellular material known as a matrix cells usually produce matrix around them

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17
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue?

A

loose and dense

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18
Q

connective tissue is?

A

beneath the skin, between organs provide support and insulation

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19
Q

special connective tissues

A

dense: cartilage, bone
loose: blood

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20
Q

what is the type of special connective tissue in which fibers are laid down?

A

cartilage

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21
Q

cartilage is?

A

firm and flexible
chodrocytes
glycoprotein matrix

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22
Q

what special connective tissue is constructed in thin connective layers?

A

bone

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23
Q

blood is a special connective loose tissue that is?

A

essentially plasma is the matrix in which blood cells and platelets are suspended

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24
Q

3 types of muscle tissues

A

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

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25
Q

smooth tissues (muscle)

A

organ of internal environment
(involuntary)

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26
Q

cardiac tissue(muscle)

A

composed of smaller, interconnected cells

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27
Q

skeletal tissue(muscle)

A

usually attached to the tendons of bones

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28
Q

what muscle tissues are striated?

A

cardiac and skeletal

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29
Q

how do muscle contract?

A

myosin comes in contact with the actin there is an overlap between them and they shorten to contact muscles

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30
Q

what controls muscle contraction?

A

motor unit and recruitment

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31
Q

motor unit

A

a motoneuron and all of its associated fibers

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32
Q

recruitment

A

nervous system use of increased numbers and sizes of motor units to produce stronger contraction

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33
Q

nervous tissue

A

cells include neurons and neurogila

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34
Q

neurons

A

are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses

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35
Q

neuralgia

A

maintains homeostasis, from myelin and support/protect the brains neurons

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36
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disease of demyelination breaking down of the myelin
degenerative disease

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37
Q

where does information argue that triggers impulses?

A

dendrites

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38
Q

when do the muscle cells stimulate opening up channels?

A

-55 mV

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39
Q

action potential

A

Na+ channels open then close
K+ channels open then close
Na+/K+ pump

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40
Q

resting potential

A

inside cell when negatively charged
resting potential (-70mV)
activate by ion channels

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41
Q

nervous system is divided into two…

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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42
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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43
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

spinal nerves and neuromuscular junctions

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44
Q

pns has to other systems

A

somatic(voluntary)
automonic(involuntary)

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45
Q

autonomic includes what systems?

A

sympathetic( flight or fight)
parasympathetic (rest and relax)

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46
Q

structure of synapses

A

are intercellular junction( spaces between cells)

47
Q

what is a major excitatory neurotransmitter and involves learning and memory?

A

glutamate

48
Q

what are some inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

glycine and GABA

49
Q

glycine involves?

A

sleep

50
Q

GABA involves?

A

related to anxiety

51
Q

what is in charge of motivation, addiction and pleasure?

A

dopamine

52
Q

what neurotransmitter involves awareness and attention?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

53
Q

serotonin regulates?

A

mood, motivation and depression(to little serotonin)

54
Q

habituation

A

may lose the ability to respond to stimulus

55
Q

cocaine is the re uptake of ?

A

dopamine

56
Q

nitcotine is associated with dopamine and is considered a?

A

stimulant

57
Q

the dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called

A

homeostasis

58
Q

Negative Feedback

A

have a “push pull” action
negative feedback mechanism often loose each other to produce finer degree of control

59
Q

example of negative feedback looking

A

if the hypothalamus detect high temperature, it promotes heat dissipation via sweating and the dilation of blood vessel in skin

60
Q

postive feedback example

A

contraction of uterus during childbirth( oxytocin)

61
Q

hormone

A

regulatory chemical that is secreted into extra cellular fluid and carried by the blood

62
Q

endocrine system

A

organs and tissues that produce hormones, only targets with receptors

63
Q

what can secrete a class of hormones that are carried by blood?

A

neurohormones

64
Q

antidieurectic hormone (Adh)

A

caffeine inhibitors
stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys

65
Q

endocrine

A

product secreted into extra cellular fluid and carried in blood( insulin)

66
Q

exocrine

A

secrete product into a duct(ex. amylase)

67
Q

who do single felled organism digest their food?

A

intracellularly

68
Q

normal animals digest their food?

A

extracellularly

69
Q

vertebrate digestive system

A

consists of tubular gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organ

70
Q

what mammals have pointed teeth that lack large flat grinding surfaces?

A

carnivorous

71
Q

what type of teeth do herbivores have to pulverize cellulose of cell wall?

A

have large, flat teeth suited to grinding

72
Q

peristalsis

A

swallowing center stimulates successive waves of contraction that moves food along esophagus to stomach

73
Q

what is approximately 4.5 m long and divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum?

A

the small intestine

74
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine to complete the first phase of digestion

75
Q

liver

A

largest internal organ of the body
breaks up fats= emulsification

76
Q

four mechanisms of cell communication

A

direct contact
synaptic signaling
endocrine signaling
paracrine signaling

77
Q

what is secreted by beta cells?

A

insulin

78
Q

what is secreted by alpha cells?

A

glucagon

79
Q

stimulates cellular uptake of blood glucose and its storage as glycogen in the liver/muscle cells

A

insulin

80
Q

promotes the hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver and fat in adipose tissue

A

glucagon

81
Q

what transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues by the cardiovascular system?

A

closed circulatory system

82
Q

what carries blood?

A

arteries

83
Q

how is blood returns to the heart?

A

veins

84
Q

what vitamin is used for making visual pigments and maintains epithelial tissues?

A

vitamin A

85
Q

vitamin A source

A

green vegetables
milk products
liver

86
Q

important in forming collagen, cementum of bone, teeth, connective tissues of blood vessels

A

vitamin c

87
Q

may help maintain resistance to infection

A

vitamin c

88
Q

vitamin c source

A

fruit
leafy vegetables

89
Q

what is the function of vitamin d?

A

increase absorption of calcium and promotes bone formation

90
Q

what is essential to blood clotting?

A

vitamin k

91
Q

what is the contraction of the smooth muscle layer of arteries that leads to decreased blood flow?

A

vasoconstriction

92
Q

what is the relaxation of smooth muscle layers leading to the increase in blood flow?

A

vasodilation

93
Q

what is involved/causes headaches?

A

vasoconstriction

94
Q

blood clotting=

A

protection

95
Q

when is blood fully oxygenated in a fishes heart?

A

when is passed through the gills

96
Q

mammalian and birds have how many cambered heart?

A

4 chambered heart

97
Q

what are the 4 chambered broken down into?

A

atria and verticiles

98
Q

in a birds hear what side is oxygenated blood?

A

right atrium= deoxygenated
left atrium = oxygenated

99
Q

what is the rest cycle part in the cardiac cycle called?

A

diastolic

100
Q

systolic pressure

A

peak pressure

101
Q

diastolic pressure

A

minimum

102
Q

no sound

A

artery closed

103
Q

pulse sound

A

systolic pressure

104
Q

sound stops

A

diastolic pressure

105
Q

what is angina pretoris

A

chest pain

106
Q

what are heart attacks?

A

blocked arteries

107
Q

strokes

A

interference with blood supply to the brain

108
Q

atherosclerosis

A

accumulative within the arteries of fatty materials and various kinds of cellular debris

109
Q

respiration in mammals

A

inhaled air to the larynx to the gloria to the trachea then some air remains in. the lungs for expiration

110
Q

boyle’s law

A

as gas increases pressure decreases

111
Q

what animals are hypertonic to their environment?

A

freshwater

112
Q

what animals are hypotonic to their environment?

A

marine animals

113
Q

what system is when blood is carried by the arteriole to the glomerulus to enter the nephron or tubes of the kidneys?

A

urinary system of women

114
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a capillary that allows fluid to filter

animal embryology and tissues (1 decks)

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