🐴🐎 Flashcards
1
Q
Semen collected for AI can be used in 3 ways
A
Fresh
Cooled shipped
Frozen
2
Q
What does “book” mean
A
The number of mares one stallion will serve in a given season
3
Q
Factors that effect pregnancy rates
A
- stallion and mare fertility (should be evaluated annually)
- breeding close to ovulation
- early pregnancy detection
- history of the stallion and mare is perhaps the most important factor
4
Q
Estrogen
A
- produced by large, dominant follicles
- causes: receptive behavior in mare as long as progesterone is absent
- causes cervical relaxation and edema
5
Q
Progesterone
A
Made by CL
-function: pregnancy maintenance, mare rejects the stallion and have a closed cervix
6
Q
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
A
Released by endometrium and causes luteolysis and uterine contractions
7
Q
Oxytocin
A
Released by endometrium and causes uterine contraction and milk let down
- can be administered to help evacuate uterine fluid
8
Q
How long is the estrus cycle in the mare
A
21days
- > 5-7 in estrus
- > 14-16 in diestrus
- -> ovulate about 24hrs prior to end of estrus
9
Q
Teasing
A
Mediated by estrogen begin present and progesterone being absent (same for cervical tone)
- teasing in: raising tail, winking, urinating
- teasing out: rejects stallion
10
Q
Cervix evaluation during palpation
A
Graded from 1-3
- > 1= closed (long, narrow, firm)
- > 3=open (short, soft, wide)
Pregnant cervix can be graded as 1 or “P”
11
Q
How is uterine edema graded?
A
0: no edema
3: large edema
- will have edema when estrogen is present and progesterone absent
12
Q
Mare in estrus should exhibit :
A
- teasing in
- no CL
- uterine edema
- relaxed cervix
- follicle >30mm
13
Q
Mare in diestrus should exhibit:
A
- teasing out
- CL present
- NO edema
- closed cervix
- firm uterus
14
Q
What is the average size of an ovulation follicle ? And what are some changes we see prior to ovulation ?
A
- 40-45mm
- thickening of follicular wall, follicular softening, decreased in endometrial edema
15
Q
What can we do to induce ovulation
A
-give human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or GnRH agonist (both cause the release of LH to result in LH surge)
-response to these requires the mare to be in estrus with a follicle >35mm, uterine edema present and relaxed cervix
OVULATION OCCURS 24-48 HRS LATER
16
Q
How to breed using cooled semen
A
- semen is about 24hrs old when it gets to us, so mare needs to ovulate within 24hrs after we AI her
- typical semen dose is 1billion, more then fresh because we expect about half the sperm to be dead or damaged
- mixed 1part semen : 4 parts extender before being placed in the mare
- more extender is used because we want to nourish the semen after the cooling process
17
Q
How to breed using fresh semen
A
- has longevity of 48 hrs or more so mare needs to ovulate within 48hrs
- breed her every other day while in estrus
- live cover semen sample has many billions of sperm
- fresh semen sample has about 500million sperms
- fresh semen is mixed 1:1 ratio with extender before being placed in mare
18
Q
How to breed using frozen semen
A
- semen lifespan is decreased to 12hrs
- should be placed in uterus within 12hrs before to 6hrs after ovulation timeline (2x AI at 24hrs and 42hrs is standard)
- typical dose contains 800million to 1billion total sperms
- should have at least 30% post thaw motility
19
Q
What to do when we only have enough semen for one AI
A
- induce ovulation and one day later check mare every 6hrs
- make sure to AI her as soon as ovulation is detected
20
Q
Post breeding management of the mare
A
- if she does not ovulate after AI, do it again
- all mares experience endometritis but it should resolve within 24hrs
- if pathological levels of inflammation are noted, we need to deal with it immediately
- mares with history of endometritis will need more management
21
Q
When should first pregnancy exam be done?
A
14-16 days after ovulation
-look for twins !
22
Q
Conservative Breeding Approach
A
0hrs: follicle is present, call for semen.
24hrs: give hCG and first AI (will ovulate in 36hrs)
48hrs: give second AI
60hrs: ovulation
23
Q
Daredevil Breeding Approach (the one Pozor uses)
A
0hrs: call for sperm and give hCG
24hrs: Give AI
36hrs: Ovulation
NO second AI
24
Q
Pregnancy diagnosis: Behavior assessment
A
- mare will be teasing in again 16-18 days post ovulation if not pregnant
- non specific indicator
25
Pregnancy diagnosis: Palpation per Rectum
- 15 to 18 days: tubular tract becomes toned, tightly closed narrow and elongated cervix. Both ovaries are actively producing follicles. False diagnosis is possible due to embryonic death or persistent luteal activity
- 25 to 30 days: budge the size of an egg at caudoventral aspect of horn (no change in uterine tone, ovaries, cervix)
- 25 to 40days: only change is enlargement of the versicle, now its the size of a tennis ball. Loss of uterine tone at bulge location
- 45 to 50days: bulge is softball size
- 60 to 65days: vesicles expands into uterine body and bulge is the size of small football, uterine horn is thinner but non-gravid horn is still toned
- 75 to 120 days: uterine tone diminishes, pregnancy extends dorsally and resembles volley ball. Can be confused for bladder so must be tracked to closed cervix. Ovaries are moving towards ventral midline
- 150 to 210days: uterine descent into ventral abdomen is complete and varies are found at the midline. Fetus can be balloted
- 250days: feral growth
26
Pregnancy diagnosis: Transrectal Ultrasonography
advantages: early, reliable, easier to see twins, estimate fetal age with measurements of fetal length and embryonic vesicle size
disadvantage : cost
-diagnosis can be as early as 9days after ovulation but optimal time is 13-15 days after ovulation
-day 18: vesicle becomes less turgid
-day 21: can see embryo proper
-day 24: can detect heart beat
-day 30: yolk sac has regressed and embryo is lifted more dorsally
-day 40: umbilical chord
-day 59 to 68 we can determine gender
27
Pregnancy diagnosis: vaginal speculum
- used in adjunction to rectal evaluation
- luteal tissue might have same effect as progesterone making the cervix tight, pale and dry so not good to use this test alone
28
when do most early embryonic deaths take place?
first 30 days
29
days of all the pregnancy shit
@13-18: false positives are common, closed cervix, good tone, distinct bifurcation, manually crush twins
@20-30: we can detect heart beat, looks like a guitar pick in ultrasound
@30-35: hen's egg bulge at base and regression of yolk sac
@35-40: tennis ball shape; organogenesis
@45-50: inject toxin into twins heart to kill it (#sadandgraphic)
@60-65: vesicle expands into uterine body, less tone in gravid horn
@about day 65: fetal sexing
@75-120: uterus is pulled ventral, need to differentiate from the bladder
@150-200: uterine descent complete
30
what is a major cause of reduced fertility in mares ?
persistant endometritis
| -can effect embryo survival, premature luteolysis, increased PGF2 concentration
31
do all mares got endometritis ?
YES
32
persistent endometritis: 1) from STD
- Congenital equine Metritis (CEM) caused by Taylorella equigenitalis
- treatment: antibiotics, best to start when she is in estrus, combine with lavage if fluid is present
33
persistent endometritis: 2) from persistent uterine infection
- most often by bacteria: Strep, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella
- usually due to fecal contamination together with compromised uterine defense
- treatment: repair anatomical defect that may be present (Caslick's surgery, cervical damage, urovagina, lacerations, etc), antibiotic vie systemic or local route, treat based on sensitivity, lavage if fluid present,
34
persistent endometritis: 3)breeding- induced
- spermatozoa are chemotactive to PMNs, causes acute response
- seminal plasma also has shown to suppress phagocytosis
- may be more relevant in infertility then infectious cause of endometritis
- lavage with 1 to 2 L of saline 6-24hrs after breeding can help prevent it
- treatment: aimed to aid uterus in clearing the contaminants, lavage, uterotonic drugs (oxytocin, PGF2, cloprostenol)
35
persistent endometritis: 4) chronic / endometrosis
multiple episodes/ failed treatment and most likely involves more then one cause
-treatment: nothing is that good
36
typical mare for endometritis
- middle age to older
- pluriparous
- pendulous uterus
- poor contractility
- perineal defects
37
diagnosing endometritis
- culture:quantitative aerobic culture of uterine lumen is needed; sample should be taken during estrous
- endometrial cytology: examination of exfoliated endometrial cells; more then 1PMN/10 epithelial is considerate endometritis
- endometrial biopsy: taken during breeding season; chronic endometritis is characterized by mononuclear cells and fibrosis (permanent degenerative change)
- low volume lavage: sterile saline and recover with rectal massage, examine fluid. Good to make sure its not a fungal infection
- culture alone is not a diagnostic, must take into consideration history + cytology + clinical signs
38
endometritis and fertility
% of predicted fertility
-grade 1: 80%<
-grade 2a and 2b: 10-80%
grade 3: 10%>
39
how to check if a mare is susceptible for endometritis
- presence of intraluminal fluid prior to breeding detected
- most mares have intraluminal fluid for 6-12hrs after mating but if it persists after that she is considerate to have breeding- induced endometritis
40
hysteroscopy
- way to visualize uterine lumen, abnormalities of endometrium
- used for biopsy, laser procedures, deep horn insemination
41
stuff we can do to prevent endometritis
- lavage with 1 to 2 L of saline 6-24hrs after breeding
- breed close to ovulation
- reduce contamination during breeding
42
treating a mare for endometritis systemically
- multi dose/day
- expensive !
- has endometrial penetration
43
treating a mare for endometritis via intrauterine
1Q24
- cost effective
- has endometrial penetration
44
what is a subfertile mare ?
one or more:
- does not become pregnant after many attempts
- cannot carry pregnancy to term
- has reproductive pathology
- behavior issues effecting breeding
- -> breeding management is most often the TRUE problem
45
Pyometra
- accumulation of purulent exudate in lumen of uterus
- impedance to mechanical uterine flow may contribute
- culture may be negative
- vaginal discharge is sometimes seen
- normally asymptomatic !
- treatment: correct predisposing causes, fluid evacuation, local antibiotic treatment
- excellent prognosis for life but poor prognosis for return of normal fertility
46
what is the definition of abortion ?
loss of fetus after about 50 days, after 300 days it is considered still-birth
47
1) is the mare's likelihood of becoming pregnant reduced after an abortion ?
2) what is a possible complication?
1) yes
| 2) retained placenta
48
What is the single most common cause of abortion in the mare ?
twins ! Usually abort at 8-9m
49
why do mares abort twins ?
placenta insufficiency, death of one twin precipitates premature delivery of both (VERY low survival rates if born)
50
what is the best way to manage twin pregnancy
early diagnosis and manual transrectal reduction of one twin
51
umbilical cord torsion
- excessive long and twisted umbilical cord can twist more then normally
- over 5 twists its considerate cord torsion
- diagnosing umbilical torsion as cause of an abortion we need to see strangulation changes such as: edema, congestion and thrombosis in the cord
52
Equine Herpes Virus
- causes VIRAL ABORTION
- reportable
- mostly respiratory contraction
- viable for several weeks in environment
- no clinical signs until abortion
- usually LATE TERM (about 7 mo.)
- possible "abortion storms" in non vaccinated horses
- diagnose by necropsy on fetus, there are NECROTIC FOCI on liver and edematous lungs; virus isolation; histopath; but PCR is best way
- treatment: none, most infected foals die after shortly after birth
- prevention: separate pregnant mares from younger animals and vaccinate during months 5,7, and 9 of pregnancy
53
Equine Viral Arteritis caused by Equine aeteritis virus (she made a point to mention that)
- causes VIRAL ABORTION
- reportable
- stallions have a carrier status
- mares are contagious for 6m
- global distribution, USA outbreaks in '05 and '06 with last case in '07
- transmission: respiratory or venereal
- can SURVIVE IN FROZEN SEMEN
- clinical signs: fever, lacrimation, edema of legs/ventral abdomen/scrotum
- can only diagnose in approved lab
- prevention: test all stallions 1/year; approved vaccines
- consequences :
- -> non pregnant mares bred by infected stallion do NOT lose pregnancy
- -> late pregnant mares that become infected DO lose pregnancy
- ->abortion storms in susceptible mares
- ->foals infected in utero may develop pneumonia
54
How long do oocytes survive after ovulation? vs. sperm?
```
12-24 hours
up to 7 days sometimes
(Fresh - 48+ hr
Chilled - 24-48 hr
Frozen 12 hr post thaw)
```
55
How often do you inseminate?
every 24-48 hours
56
bacterial placentitis abortion : hematogenous
-Lepto !
57
bacterial placentitis abortion : nocardioform
- nocardioform actinomycetes
| - infection away from "cervical star", it starts at the base of pregnant horn
58
how do we treat bacterial placentitis ?
- systemic antibiotics
- NSAIDS
- altrenogest
- pentoxifylline
59
reasons for early pregnancy loss
1) progesterone insufficiency: can be due to primary luteal insufficiency, failure to recognize pregnancy, or luteolysis following prostaglandin release [can be released from GI during colic or endotoxemia]
2) endometrial disease
3) maternal age: older oocytes are more likely to have defects
4) time if insemination relative to ovulation: fertilization many hrs after ovulation increases embryonic loss
5) chromosomal (maternal or baby) abnormalities
6) maternal stress / nutrition
7) site of embryonic fixation
60
reasons for early pregnancy loss
1) progesterone insufficiency: can be due to primary luteal insufficiency, failure to recognize pregnancy, or luteolysis following prostaglandin release [can be released from GI during colic or endotoxemia]
2) endometrial disease
3) maternal age
61
reasons to place mares that are less than 30 days pregnant in progestins
- history of pregnancy loss
- low plasma progesterone concentration
- failure to recognize pregnancy
- endotoxemia
62
How long do oocytes survive after ovulation?
12-24 hours
63
what do we do in BSE ?
1) history
2) physical exam
3) preliminary examine external genitalia
4) expose him to mare
5) semen collection
6) semen evaluation
7) external genitalia again
8) internal genitalia
64
when should we do a BSE on a stallion
- before starting his repro career
- before each repro season
- BEFORE you buy him, vet can only share results with person who requested it and covered the cost
- if he is experiencing fertility problems
65
what do we do in BSE ?
1) history
2) physical exam
3) preliminary examine external genitalia
4) expose him to mare
66
BSE: physical exam
- identify the horse
- general body condition
- conformation
- respiratory tract
- possible heritable problems: wobbler, parrot mouth, cryptorchid
67
BSE: exposing him to mare
- evaluate libido and behavior
- examine penis: trauma, paraphimosis (cant retract), penile paralysis, priapism (erect for too long), tumors (squamous cell carcinoma), infection, habronema
- swab for bacteria cultures
- test for other infections : equine viral arteritis, equine infectious anemia
68
significant bacteria that we can find in penis swab culture
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- klebsiella pneumoniae
- taylorella equigenetalis (causes CEM, reportable)
69
BSE: semen evaluation
-gross evaluation: mL, color
-pH: about 7.5 is normal
-motility: total (% moving), progressive (moving correctly, a % of total motility), velocity (1 to 4, 1 being the slowest), longevity
-concentration: about 50% in ejaculate
-morphology: method does not matter as long as you can see sample, about same defects as bull
-
70
min % sperm motility for stallion to pass evaluation
60%
71
BSE: semen evaluation
- gross evaluation: mL, color
- pH: about 7.5 is normal
- motility: total (% moving), progressive (moving correctly, a % of total motility), velocity (1 to 4, 1 being the slowest), longevity
- -> MIN progressive motility is 60% to be considerate normal and pass evaluation
72
min % sperm motility for stallion to pass evaluation
60%
73
min % normal morphology of sperm for stallion to pass evaluation
60%
74
BSE: external genitalia
- check penis for abnormalities
- scrotum: symmetry, shape, integrity, temperature, tail of epididymis (caudal pole of testis), measurements (no norms, just at least 8cm), ultrasonography
- spermatic cords
75
BSE: internal genitalia
- vaginal ring
| - accessory sex organs: ampullae, seminal vesicles, bilobed prostate
76
spermatic cord abnormality
- torsion
- when testicular rotation is over 180*
- acute sign is colic
- enlarged scrotum, turgid, cold
77
BSE: internal genitalia
- vaginal ring
| - accessory sex organs: ampullae, seminal vesicles
78
occluded ampullae
- palpable
- causes azoospermia or large number of heads with no tails
- treat by massage, oxytosin, frequent ejaculation
79
seminal vesicilitis
- bacterial infection
- rare
- causes infertility
- treat with antibiotic flush
80
BSE interpretations
1) satisfactory: 60%< sperm motility and morphology, no repro infections, at least 1 Billion progressive motile and morphologically normal sperm. Should see 60% pregnancy results
2) questionable: anything will cause 60%> breeding success, re-evaluate in 60 days
3) unsatisfactory: contagious disease, heritable defect
81
how many mares to book per stallion
- 40 in natural service
| - 120 AI
82
most common ovarian tumor in mare
granulosa theca cell tumor !!! others are really really rare
83
granulosa theca cell tumor (mare)
- usually benign
- hormonally active
- unilateral: pozor has never seen it in both ovaries but said it can happen in rare occasions
- clinical signs: cause stallion like behavior responses (due to elevated inhibin and testosterone), anestrus or persistent estrus
- diagnosis : other slide
- treatment: SURGERY! she can still ovulate from other ovary just fine
84
granulosa theca cell tumor (mare) diagnosis
- -> only one test is not enough
- palpation (enlarged ovary, lack of ovulation fossa)
- ultrasonography (multi-cystic, very rare to see solid) ENLARGED CYSTIC OVARY
- endocrine test: very good! tests for ELEVATED ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE
- GCT panel: tests for inhibin (elevated), testosterone (elevated), progesterone (baseline)
85
How often do you inseminate?
every 24-48 hours
86
contagious equine metritis (CEM)
{we already talked about it, causes STD endometritis and is found in stallion culture swab}
- causes infectious infertility in mares
- highly contagious bacterial venereal disease caused by TAYLORELLA equigenitalis
- transmission: venereal route, contact with contaminated objects
- in the PENIS not the sperm
- clinical signs in mares: endometritis, SHORT TERM INFERTILITY (few weeks), abortions are rare, mare and foal may become carriers
- clinical signs in stallions: NONE, CARRIERS
- diagnosis +treatment : other slide
87
contagious equine metritis (CEM): diagnosis and treatment
- mare: swab the clitoral fossa and sinus + endometrium
- -> must culture ALL 3 places in 3 separate days over a one week period (culturing this is very difficult)
- stallion: swab fossa glandins, urethral sinus, urethra, prepuse, penile body. May give false negative, can breed test mares to check
- treatment : only under supervision of State Veterinarian with local chlohexidine and nitrofurazone solution
- keep them quarantined for 21 days until there is a negative cytology
88
is contagious equine metritis (CEM) a controlled disease
YES
| -one of the most internationally controlled diseases in the equine industry
89
Causes of infectious endometritis?
PMIE (post-mating induced endometritis)
| STD (CEM, contagious equine metritis)
90
A mare with poor clearance is probably
older, pluriparous, pendulous uterus, perineal defects
91
Mucus production can be excessive in?
Endometritis
92
endometrial biofilm bacteria
pseudomonas and e. coli
93
Which bacterial pathogens would you expect to see in positive culture of a mare's uterus?
Strep zoo
E. coli
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
94
What is the main source of infertility in the mare?
Oviduct
95
4 causes of equine abortion?
TWINS
umbilical cord torsion
viral/bacterial/fungal infection
eating a shit ton of eastern tent caterpilars (yes this is a real thing O.o)
96
What two pathogens cause viral abortion?
Herpesvirus! (equine rhinopneumonitis)
| Equine viral ARTERITIS
97
You have to inform the state veterinarian before using?
```
EVA vaccine
CEM treatment (chlorhexidine/nitrofurazone)
```
98
**? Most common cause of equine abortion in the US? (Pozor abortion lecture)
Bacterial placentitis
99
Bacterial placentitis pathogens?
Ascending:
Hematogenous:
Nocardioform placentitis:
Ascending - strep equi, E. coli, Klebsiella, Psuedomonas
hematogenous - lepto
nocardioform actinoycetes
