Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Therio Midterm Yr2 > 🐴🐎 > Flashcards

🐴🐎 Flashcards

1
Q

Semen collected for AI can be used in 3 ways

A

Fresh
Cooled shipped
Frozen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does “book” mean

A

The number of mares one stallion will serve in a given season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Factors that effect pregnancy rates

A
  • stallion and mare fertility (should be evaluated annually)
  • breeding close to ovulation
  • early pregnancy detection
  • history of the stallion and mare is perhaps the most important factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Estrogen

A
  • produced by large, dominant follicles
  • causes: receptive behavior in mare as long as progesterone is absent
  • causes cervical relaxation and edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Progesterone

A

Made by CL

-function: pregnancy maintenance, mare rejects the stallion and have a closed cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

A

Released by endometrium and causes luteolysis and uterine contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oxytocin

A

Released by endometrium and causes uterine contraction and milk let down
- can be administered to help evacuate uterine fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How long is the estrus cycle in the mare

A

21days

  • > 5-7 in estrus
  • > 14-16 in diestrus
  • -> ovulate about 24hrs prior to end of estrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Teasing

A

Mediated by estrogen begin present and progesterone being absent (same for cervical tone)

  • teasing in: raising tail, winking, urinating
  • teasing out: rejects stallion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cervix evaluation during palpation

A

Graded from 1-3

  • > 1= closed (long, narrow, firm)
  • > 3=open (short, soft, wide)

Pregnant cervix can be graded as 1 or “P”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is uterine edema graded?

A

0: no edema
3: large edema
- will have edema when estrogen is present and progesterone absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mare in estrus should exhibit :

A
  • teasing in
  • no CL
  • uterine edema
  • relaxed cervix
  • follicle >30mm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mare in diestrus should exhibit:

A
  • teasing out
  • CL present
  • NO edema
  • closed cervix
  • firm uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the average size of an ovulation follicle ? And what are some changes we see prior to ovulation ?

A
  • 40-45mm

- thickening of follicular wall, follicular softening, decreased in endometrial edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can we do to induce ovulation

A

-give human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or GnRH agonist (both cause the release of LH to result in LH surge)
-response to these requires the mare to be in estrus with a follicle >35mm, uterine edema present and relaxed cervix
OVULATION OCCURS 24-48 HRS LATER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to breed using cooled semen

A
  • semen is about 24hrs old when it gets to us, so mare needs to ovulate within 24hrs after we AI her
  • typical semen dose is 1billion, more then fresh because we expect about half the sperm to be dead or damaged
  • mixed 1part semen : 4 parts extender before being placed in the mare
  • more extender is used because we want to nourish the semen after the cooling process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How to breed using fresh semen

A
  • has longevity of 48 hrs or more so mare needs to ovulate within 48hrs
  • breed her every other day while in estrus
  • live cover semen sample has many billions of sperm
  • fresh semen sample has about 500million sperms
  • fresh semen is mixed 1:1 ratio with extender before being placed in mare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How to breed using frozen semen

A
  • semen lifespan is decreased to 12hrs
  • should be placed in uterus within 12hrs before to 6hrs after ovulation timeline (2x AI at 24hrs and 42hrs is standard)
  • typical dose contains 800million to 1billion total sperms
  • should have at least 30% post thaw motility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What to do when we only have enough semen for one AI

A
  • induce ovulation and one day later check mare every 6hrs

- make sure to AI her as soon as ovulation is detected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Post breeding management of the mare

A
  • if she does not ovulate after AI, do it again
  • all mares experience endometritis but it should resolve within 24hrs
  • if pathological levels of inflammation are noted, we need to deal with it immediately
  • mares with history of endometritis will need more management
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When should first pregnancy exam be done?

A

14-16 days after ovulation

-look for twins !

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Conservative Breeding Approach

A

0hrs: follicle is present, call for semen.
24hrs: give hCG and first AI (will ovulate in 36hrs)
48hrs: give second AI
60hrs: ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Daredevil Breeding Approach (the one Pozor uses)

A

0hrs: call for sperm and give hCG
24hrs: Give AI
36hrs: Ovulation

NO second AI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis: Behavior assessment

A
  • mare will be teasing in again 16-18 days post ovulation if not pregnant
  • non specific indicator
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis: Palpation per Rectum

A
  • 15 to 18 days: tubular tract becomes toned, tightly closed narrow and elongated cervix. Both ovaries are actively producing follicles. False diagnosis is possible due to embryonic death or persistent luteal activity
  • 25 to 30 days: budge the size of an egg at caudoventral aspect of horn (no change in uterine tone, ovaries, cervix)
  • 25 to 40days: only change is enlargement of the versicle, now its the size of a tennis ball. Loss of uterine tone at bulge location
  • 45 to 50days: bulge is softball size
  • 60 to 65days: vesicles expands into uterine body and bulge is the size of small football, uterine horn is thinner but non-gravid horn is still toned
  • 75 to 120 days: uterine tone diminishes, pregnancy extends dorsally and resembles volley ball. Can be confused for bladder so must be tracked to closed cervix. Ovaries are moving towards ventral midline
  • 150 to 210days: uterine descent into ventral abdomen is complete and varies are found at the midline. Fetus can be balloted
  • 250days: feral growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis: Transrectal Ultrasonography

A

advantages: early, reliable, easier to see twins, estimate fetal age with measurements of fetal length and embryonic vesicle size
disadvantage : cost
-diagnosis can be as early as 9days after ovulation but optimal time is 13-15 days after ovulation
-day 18: vesicle becomes less turgid
-day 21: can see embryo proper
-day 24: can detect heart beat
-day 30: yolk sac has regressed and embryo is lifted more dorsally
-day 40: umbilical chord
-day 59 to 68 we can determine gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis: vaginal speculum

A
  • used in adjunction to rectal evaluation
  • luteal tissue might have same effect as progesterone making the cervix tight, pale and dry so not good to use this test alone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when do most early embryonic deaths take place?

A

first 30 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

days of all the pregnancy shit

A

@13-18: false positives are common, closed cervix, good tone, distinct bifurcation, manually crush twins
@20-30: we can detect heart beat, looks like a guitar pick in ultrasound
@30-35: hen’s egg bulge at base and regression of yolk sac
@35-40: tennis ball shape; organogenesis
@45-50: inject toxin into twins heart to kill it (#sadandgraphic)
@60-65: vesicle expands into uterine body, less tone in gravid horn
@about day 65: fetal sexing
@75-120: uterus is pulled ventral, need to differentiate from the bladder
@150-200: uterine descent complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a major cause of reduced fertility in mares ?

A

persistant endometritis

-can effect embryo survival, premature luteolysis, increased PGF2 concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

do all mares got endometritis ?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

persistent endometritis: 1) from STD

A
  • Congenital equine Metritis (CEM) caused by Taylorella equigenitalis
  • treatment: antibiotics, best to start when she is in estrus, combine with lavage if fluid is present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

persistent endometritis: 2) from persistent uterine infection

A
  • most often by bacteria: Strep, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella
  • usually due to fecal contamination together with compromised uterine defense
  • treatment: repair anatomical defect that may be present (Caslick’s surgery, cervical damage, urovagina, lacerations, etc), antibiotic vie systemic or local route, treat based on sensitivity, lavage if fluid present,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

persistent endometritis: 3)breeding- induced

A
  • spermatozoa are chemotactive to PMNs, causes acute response
  • seminal plasma also has shown to suppress phagocytosis
  • may be more relevant in infertility then infectious cause of endometritis
  • lavage with 1 to 2 L of saline 6-24hrs after breeding can help prevent it
  • treatment: aimed to aid uterus in clearing the contaminants, lavage, uterotonic drugs (oxytocin, PGF2, cloprostenol)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

persistent endometritis: 4) chronic / endometrosis

A

multiple episodes/ failed treatment and most likely involves more then one cause
-treatment: nothing is that good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

typical mare for endometritis

A
  • middle age to older
  • pluriparous
  • pendulous uterus
  • poor contractility
  • perineal defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

diagnosing endometritis

A
  • culture:quantitative aerobic culture of uterine lumen is needed; sample should be taken during estrous
  • endometrial cytology: examination of exfoliated endometrial cells; more then 1PMN/10 epithelial is considerate endometritis
  • endometrial biopsy: taken during breeding season; chronic endometritis is characterized by mononuclear cells and fibrosis (permanent degenerative change)
  • low volume lavage: sterile saline and recover with rectal massage, examine fluid. Good to make sure its not a fungal infection
  • culture alone is not a diagnostic, must take into consideration history + cytology + clinical signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

endometritis and fertility

A

% of predicted fertility
-grade 1: 80%<
-grade 2a and 2b: 10-80%
grade 3: 10%>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how to check if a mare is susceptible for endometritis

A
  • presence of intraluminal fluid prior to breeding detected
  • most mares have intraluminal fluid for 6-12hrs after mating but if it persists after that she is considerate to have breeding- induced endometritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

hysteroscopy

A
  • way to visualize uterine lumen, abnormalities of endometrium
  • used for biopsy, laser procedures, deep horn insemination
41
Q

stuff we can do to prevent endometritis

A
  • lavage with 1 to 2 L of saline 6-24hrs after breeding
  • breed close to ovulation
  • reduce contamination during breeding
42
Q

treating a mare for endometritis systemically

A
  • multi dose/day
  • expensive !
  • has endometrial penetration
43
Q

treating a mare for endometritis via intrauterine

A

1Q24

  • cost effective
  • has endometrial penetration
44
Q

what is a subfertile mare ?

A

one or more:

  • does not become pregnant after many attempts
  • cannot carry pregnancy to term
  • has reproductive pathology
  • behavior issues effecting breeding
  • -> breeding management is most often the TRUE problem
45
Q

Pyometra

A
  • accumulation of purulent exudate in lumen of uterus
  • impedance to mechanical uterine flow may contribute
  • culture may be negative
  • vaginal discharge is sometimes seen
  • normally asymptomatic !
  • treatment: correct predisposing causes, fluid evacuation, local antibiotic treatment
  • excellent prognosis for life but poor prognosis for return of normal fertility
46
Q

what is the definition of abortion ?

A

loss of fetus after about 50 days, after 300 days it is considered still-birth

47
Q

1) is the mare’s likelihood of becoming pregnant reduced after an abortion ?
2) what is a possible complication?

A

1) yes

2) retained placenta

48
Q

What is the single most common cause of abortion in the mare ?

A

twins ! Usually abort at 8-9m

49
Q

why do mares abort twins ?

A

placenta insufficiency, death of one twin precipitates premature delivery of both (VERY low survival rates if born)

50
Q

what is the best way to manage twin pregnancy

A

early diagnosis and manual transrectal reduction of one twin

51
Q

umbilical cord torsion

A
  • excessive long and twisted umbilical cord can twist more then normally
  • over 5 twists its considerate cord torsion
  • diagnosing umbilical torsion as cause of an abortion we need to see strangulation changes such as: edema, congestion and thrombosis in the cord
52
Q

Equine Herpes Virus

A
  • causes VIRAL ABORTION
  • reportable
  • mostly respiratory contraction
  • viable for several weeks in environment
  • no clinical signs until abortion
  • usually LATE TERM (about 7 mo.)
  • possible “abortion storms” in non vaccinated horses
  • diagnose by necropsy on fetus, there are NECROTIC FOCI on liver and edematous lungs; virus isolation; histopath; but PCR is best way
  • treatment: none, most infected foals die after shortly after birth
  • prevention: separate pregnant mares from younger animals and vaccinate during months 5,7, and 9 of pregnancy
53
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis caused by Equine aeteritis virus (she made a point to mention that)

A
  • causes VIRAL ABORTION
  • reportable
  • stallions have a carrier status
  • mares are contagious for 6m
  • global distribution, USA outbreaks in ‘05 and ‘06 with last case in ‘07
  • transmission: respiratory or venereal
  • can SURVIVE IN FROZEN SEMEN
  • clinical signs: fever, lacrimation, edema of legs/ventral abdomen/scrotum
  • can only diagnose in approved lab
  • prevention: test all stallions 1/year; approved vaccines
  • consequences :
  • -> non pregnant mares bred by infected stallion do NOT lose pregnancy
  • -> late pregnant mares that become infected DO lose pregnancy
  • ->abortion storms in susceptible mares
  • ->foals infected in utero may develop pneumonia
54
Q

How long do oocytes survive after ovulation? vs. sperm?

A 
12-24 hours
up to 7 days sometimes
(Fresh - 48+ hr
Chilled - 24-48 hr
Frozen 12 hr post thaw)
55
Q

How often do you inseminate?

A

every 24-48 hours

56
Q

bacterial placentitis abortion : hematogenous

A

-Lepto !

57
Q

bacterial placentitis abortion : nocardioform

A
  • nocardioform actinomycetes

- infection away from “cervical star”, it starts at the base of pregnant horn

58
Q

how do we treat bacterial placentitis ?

A
  • systemic antibiotics
  • NSAIDS
  • altrenogest
  • pentoxifylline
59
Q

reasons for early pregnancy loss

A

1) progesterone insufficiency: can be due to primary luteal insufficiency, failure to recognize pregnancy, or luteolysis following prostaglandin release [can be released from GI during colic or endotoxemia]
2) endometrial disease
3) maternal age: older oocytes are more likely to have defects
4) time if insemination relative to ovulation: fertilization many hrs after ovulation increases embryonic loss
5) chromosomal (maternal or baby) abnormalities
6) maternal stress / nutrition
7) site of embryonic fixation

60
Q

reasons for early pregnancy loss

A

1) progesterone insufficiency: can be due to primary luteal insufficiency, failure to recognize pregnancy, or luteolysis following prostaglandin release [can be released from GI during colic or endotoxemia]
2) endometrial disease
3) maternal age

61
Q

reasons to place mares that are less than 30 days pregnant in progestins

A
  • history of pregnancy loss
  • low plasma progesterone concentration
  • failure to recognize pregnancy
  • endotoxemia
62
Q

How long do oocytes survive after ovulation?

A

12-24 hours

63
Q

what do we do in BSE ?

A

1) history
2) physical exam
3) preliminary examine external genitalia
4) expose him to mare
5) semen collection
6) semen evaluation
7) external genitalia again
8) internal genitalia

64
Q

when should we do a BSE on a stallion

A
  • before starting his repro career
  • before each repro season
  • BEFORE you buy him, vet can only share results with person who requested it and covered the cost
  • if he is experiencing fertility problems
65
Q

what do we do in BSE ?

A

1) history
2) physical exam
3) preliminary examine external genitalia
4) expose him to mare

66
Q

BSE: physical exam

A
  • identify the horse
  • general body condition
  • conformation
  • respiratory tract
  • possible heritable problems: wobbler, parrot mouth, cryptorchid
67
Q

BSE: exposing him to mare

A
  • evaluate libido and behavior
  • examine penis: trauma, paraphimosis (cant retract), penile paralysis, priapism (erect for too long), tumors (squamous cell carcinoma), infection, habronema
  • swab for bacteria cultures
  • test for other infections : equine viral arteritis, equine infectious anemia
68
Q

significant bacteria that we can find in penis swab culture

A
  • pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • klebsiella pneumoniae
  • taylorella equigenetalis (causes CEM, reportable)
69
Q

BSE: semen evaluation

A

-gross evaluation: mL, color
-pH: about 7.5 is normal
-motility: total (% moving), progressive (moving correctly, a % of total motility), velocity (1 to 4, 1 being the slowest), longevity
-concentration: about 50% in ejaculate
-morphology: method does not matter as long as you can see sample, about same defects as bull
-

70
Q

min % sperm motility for stallion to pass evaluation

A

60%

71
Q

BSE: semen evaluation

A
  • gross evaluation: mL, color
  • pH: about 7.5 is normal
  • motility: total (% moving), progressive (moving correctly, a % of total motility), velocity (1 to 4, 1 being the slowest), longevity
  • -> MIN progressive motility is 60% to be considerate normal and pass evaluation
72
Q

min % sperm motility for stallion to pass evaluation

A

60%

73
Q

min % normal morphology of sperm for stallion to pass evaluation

A

60%

74
Q

BSE: external genitalia

A
  • check penis for abnormalities
  • scrotum: symmetry, shape, integrity, temperature, tail of epididymis (caudal pole of testis), measurements (no norms, just at least 8cm), ultrasonography
  • spermatic cords
75
Q

BSE: internal genitalia

A
  • vaginal ring

- accessory sex organs: ampullae, seminal vesicles, bilobed prostate

76
Q

spermatic cord abnormality

A
  • torsion
  • when testicular rotation is over 180*
  • acute sign is colic
  • enlarged scrotum, turgid, cold
77
Q

BSE: internal genitalia

A
  • vaginal ring

- accessory sex organs: ampullae, seminal vesicles

78
Q

occluded ampullae

A
  • palpable
  • causes azoospermia or large number of heads with no tails
  • treat by massage, oxytosin, frequent ejaculation
79
Q

seminal vesicilitis

A
  • bacterial infection
  • rare
  • causes infertility
  • treat with antibiotic flush
80
Q

BSE interpretations

A

1) satisfactory: 60%< sperm motility and morphology, no repro infections, at least 1 Billion progressive motile and morphologically normal sperm. Should see 60% pregnancy results
2) questionable: anything will cause 60%> breeding success, re-evaluate in 60 days
3) unsatisfactory: contagious disease, heritable defect

81
Q

how many mares to book per stallion

A
  • 40 in natural service

- 120 AI

82
Q

most common ovarian tumor in mare

A

granulosa theca cell tumor !!! others are really really rare

83
Q

granulosa theca cell tumor (mare)

A
  • usually benign
  • hormonally active
  • unilateral: pozor has never seen it in both ovaries but said it can happen in rare occasions
  • clinical signs: cause stallion like behavior responses (due to elevated inhibin and testosterone), anestrus or persistent estrus
  • diagnosis : other slide
  • treatment: SURGERY! she can still ovulate from other ovary just fine
84
Q

granulosa theca cell tumor (mare) diagnosis

A
  • -> only one test is not enough
  • palpation (enlarged ovary, lack of ovulation fossa)
  • ultrasonography (multi-cystic, very rare to see solid) ENLARGED CYSTIC OVARY
  • endocrine test: very good! tests for ELEVATED ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE
  • GCT panel: tests for inhibin (elevated), testosterone (elevated), progesterone (baseline)
85
Q

How often do you inseminate?

A

every 24-48 hours

86
Q

contagious equine metritis (CEM)

A

{we already talked about it, causes STD endometritis and is found in stallion culture swab}

  • causes infectious infertility in mares
  • highly contagious bacterial venereal disease caused by TAYLORELLA equigenitalis
  • transmission: venereal route, contact with contaminated objects
  • in the PENIS not the sperm
  • clinical signs in mares: endometritis, SHORT TERM INFERTILITY (few weeks), abortions are rare, mare and foal may become carriers
  • clinical signs in stallions: NONE, CARRIERS
  • diagnosis +treatment : other slide
87
Q

contagious equine metritis (CEM): diagnosis and treatment

A
  • mare: swab the clitoral fossa and sinus + endometrium
  • -> must culture ALL 3 places in 3 separate days over a one week period (culturing this is very difficult)
  • stallion: swab fossa glandins, urethral sinus, urethra, prepuse, penile body. May give false negative, can breed test mares to check
  • treatment : only under supervision of State Veterinarian with local chlohexidine and nitrofurazone solution
  • keep them quarantined for 21 days until there is a negative cytology
88
Q

is contagious equine metritis (CEM) a controlled disease

A

YES

-one of the most internationally controlled diseases in the equine industry

89
Q

Causes of infectious endometritis?

A

PMIE (post-mating induced endometritis)

STD (CEM, contagious equine metritis)

90
Q

A mare with poor clearance is probably

A

older, pluriparous, pendulous uterus, perineal defects

91
Q

Mucus production can be excessive in?

A

Endometritis

92
Q

endometrial biofilm bacteria

A

pseudomonas and e. coli

93
Q

Which bacterial pathogens would you expect to see in positive culture of a mare’s uterus?

A

Strep zoo
E. coli
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas

94
Q

What is the main source of infertility in the mare?

A

Oviduct

95
Q

4 causes of equine abortion?

A

TWINS
umbilical cord torsion
viral/bacterial/fungal infection
eating a shit ton of eastern tent caterpilars (yes this is a real thing O.o)

96
Q

What two pathogens cause viral abortion?

A

Herpesvirus! (equine rhinopneumonitis)

Equine viral ARTERITIS

97
Q

You have to inform the state veterinarian before using?

A 
EVA vaccine
CEM treatment (chlorhexidine/nitrofurazone)
98
Q

**? Most common cause of equine abortion in the US? (Pozor abortion lecture)

A

Bacterial placentitis

99
Q

Bacterial placentitis pathogens?
Ascending:
Hematogenous:
Nocardioform placentitis:

A

Ascending - strep equi, E. coli, Klebsiella, Psuedomonas
hematogenous - lepto
nocardioform actinoycetes

Therio Midterm Yr2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions