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Question 1

anasEver since his mother began to give Julia gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

latent learning
spontaneous recovery
classical conditioning
primary reinforcement
operant conditioning

Answer 1

operant conditioning

Question 2

BF Skinner’s work elaborated what EL Thorndike had called

observational learning
latent learning
the law of effect
shaping
behaviorism

Answer 2

the law of effect

Question 3

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the presenter presents the light

five seconds after the food
five seconds before the food
at precisely the same time as the food
a half-second before the food
a half second after the food

Answer 3

a half second before the food

Question 4

When 4-year old Michael hit his sister, his mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. A time-out is considered to be

Positive punishment
positive reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
negative reinforcement
negative punishment

Answer 4

negative punishment

Question 5

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

return of a response after punishment has been terminated

tendency of organisms to generalize conditioned responses
expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive

expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive

Answer 5

reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 6

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ___ reinforcement schedule

Variable interval
fixed interval
variable ratio
fixed ratio
intermittent-continuous

Answer 6

fixed ratio

Question 7

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of

Shaping
immediate reinforcement
modeling
respondent behavior
spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

modeling

Question 8

Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what?

the power of extinction to overcome conditoinoing
whether violence is performed
whether we see the people as similar to us
whether the participant is directly rewarded or punished for behaving
whether the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

whether we see the people as similar to us

Question 9

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm’s contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

Shaping
spontaneous recovery
acquisition
generalization
latent learning

Answer 9

acquisition

Question 10

Dan and Joel, both 4 year old’s, have been watching reruns of Superman on television. Joel’s mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys’ behavior?

observational learning
shaping
immediate reinforcement
classical conditioning
delayed reinforcement

Answer 10

observational learning

Question 11

What type of learning sometimes occurs after an extended period of thinking about a problem but little or no direct, systematic interaction with the environment?

Observational learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
latent learning
operant learning

Answer 11

insight learning

Question 12

Five year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

latent learning
spontaneous recovery
shaping
delayed reinforcement
secondary reinforcement

Answer 12

shaping

Question 13

Ivan Pavlov’s experiments

exhibited the central principles of operant conditioning
showed that cognition is important to learning
revealed how biological predispositions affect learning
demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively
illustrated how the law of effect can be applied to conditioning

Answer 13

demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively

Question 14

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a

secondary reinforcer
conditioned stimulus
delayed reinforcer
negative reinforcer
punishment

Answer 14

punishment

Question 15

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)

negative reinforcer
positive reinforcer
conditioned response
punishment
unconditioned response

Answer 15

positive reinforcer

Question 16

Researchers trained pigs to pick up large wooden “dollars” and deposit them in a piggy bank. Instead of picking up the wooden discs, the pigs would drop them, push them with their snouts, and then pick them up to put them in the piggy bank. This behavior best illustrates

spontaneous recovery
latent learning
generalization
instinctive drift
intrinsic motivation

Answer 16

instinctive drift

Question 17

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason’s running habit is maintained by a(n) ___ reinforcer

conditioned
intermittent
negative
positive
partial

Answer 17

negative

Question 18

Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of

modeling
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
latent learning

Answer 18

operant conditioning

Question 19

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy’s behavior reflects ____, whereas Jennifer’s behavior reflects ______.

operant conditioning; classical conditioning
a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed ratio schedule
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
insight learning; latent learning

Answer 19

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Question 20

According to the text, learning involves

the development of prosocial behavior.
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
acquiring knowledge that can be recalled explicitly or implicitly.
the ability to think abstractly.
a reduction in extrinsic motivation.

Answer 20

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Question 21

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace’s surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a________
schedule

a. conditioned-response
b.fixed-interval
C. fixed-ratio
d variable-ratio
e variable-interval

Answer 21

variable interval

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

a. asking for a raise
b. thanking someone for their help
c. sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor
d. blushing when embarrassed
e. studying for a test

Answer 22

blushing when embarrassed

Question 23

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?

Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.

Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding

Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding.

Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding.

Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.

Answer 23

Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.

Question 24

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called

a. intrinsic motives.
b. cognitive maps.
C. primary reinforcers.
d. discriminative stimuli
e. successive approximations.

Answer 24

cognitive maps

Question 25

Conditioning is the process of a. generalization. b. observational learning. c. discrimination. d. learning associations. e. spontaneous recovery.

Answer 25

learning associations

Question 26

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? playing jump rope clapping after a thrilling concert performance running through a maze to get a food reward getting money as a reward sweating in hot weather

Answer 26

sweating in hot weather

Question 27

Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning? a rat that has developed a taste aversion to a vanilla-flavored solution paired with a drug a dog conditioned to salivate to a low-pitched tone a little boy who doesn't run into the street after being reprimanded by his mother a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark a pigeon in a Skinner box that learns to peck at a button to receive a food pellet

Answer 27

a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark

Question 28

Punishment is potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because Although punishments delivered by parents can be effective, teacher delivered punishments usually have little effect the use of punishments could condition children to fear and avoid school children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and necessary punishment cannot temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors, the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors

Answer 28

the use of punishments could condition children to fear and avoid school

Question 29

monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of generalization shaping habituation latent learning delayed reinforcement

Answer 29

generalization

Question 30

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of Shaping spontaneous recovery intermittent reinforcement discrimination latent learning

Answer 30

discrimination

Question 31

In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up the bobo doll imitated the adult's actions acted aggressively in the presence of other children displayed little interest in the experimental sitiuation did not demonstrate prosocial behavior even when such behavior was modeled later behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents

Answer 31

imitated the adult's actions

Question 32

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ____reinforcer. negative partial delayed conditioned positive

Answer 32

conditioned

Question 33

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the conditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. fear response. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response.

Answer 33

conditioned stimulus

Question 34

Which of the following factors most influences whether we will imitate a model? disreputable, "evil" models are more likely to be imitated if the model is seen on television or in person whether the model is rewarded or punished "fantasy" models (such as cartoon characters) are more likely to be imitated. models that demonstrate antisocial behaviors are generally not imitated

Answer 34

whether the model is rewarded or punished

Question 35

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ____ schedule fixed-interval variable-interval variable-ratio fixed-ratio intermittent-variable

Answer 35

fixed interval

Question 36

John B. Watson emphasized that learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes. both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US. unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition. cognition plays a role in conditioning through the power of prediction. learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated.

Answer 36

learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

Question 37

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of a: observational learning. operant conditioning. delayed reinforcement. shaping. classical conditioning.

Answer 37

shaping

Question 38

Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior? a. Reinforcement for a task already enjoyed can backfire, reducing intrinsic motivation. A continuous reinforcement schedule will lead to the most rapid learning. Learning sometimes becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it. any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated Conditioned reinforcers get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers.

Answer 38

any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated

Question 39

To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement. latent learning rather than shaping. classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning. immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers. negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers.

Answer 39

immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.

Question 40

B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's personal freedom. pleasure-seeking tendencies. early childhood experiences. past behaviors. cultural background.

Answer 40

personal freedom

Question 41

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates operant conditioning the law of effect observational learning observational learning generalization classical conditioning

Answer 41

classical conditioning

Question 42

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ____ reinforcers positive continuous unconditioned fixed primary

Answer 42

primary

Question 43

researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of extrinsic motives intrinsic motives mirror neurons unconditioned stimuli cognitive maps

Answer 43

mirror maps

Question 44

Myron quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of spontaneous recovery generalization negative reinforcers secondary reinforcers punishment

Answer 44

punishment

Question 45

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates shaping generalization continuous reinforcement spontaneous recovery partial reinforcement

Answer 45

partial reinforcement

Question 46

a trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ___ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ___ reinforcement partial; continuous positive; negative primary; secondary continuous; partial negative; positive

Answer 46

continuous; partial

Question 47

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by Skinner's research on schedules of reinforcement Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants Garcia's and Koellings findings on taste aversion in rats Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children

Answer 47

Garcia's and Koellings findings on taste aversion in rats

Question 48

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the___ of the patients fear. shaping extinction latent learning reinforcement generalization

Answer 48

extinction

Question 49

an integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by pavlov's experiments operant conditioning the law of effect a biopsychosocial approach Watson's behaviorism

Answer 49

a biopsychosocial approach

Question 50

A skinner box is a(n) "slot" machine used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noises aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors television projection decide designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning

Answer 50

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward