🏀 Flashcards
anasEver since his mother began to give Julia gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of
latent learning
spontaneous recovery
classical conditioning
primary reinforcement
operant conditioning
operant conditioning
BF Skinner’s work elaborated what EL Thorndike had called
observational learning
latent learning
the law of effect
shaping
behaviorism
the law of effect
An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the presenter presents the light
five seconds after the food
five seconds before the food
at precisely the same time as the food
a half-second before the food
a half second after the food
a half second before the food
When 4-year old Michael hit his sister, his mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. A time-out is considered to be
Positive punishment
positive reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
negative reinforcement
negative punishment
negative punishment
Spontaneous recovery refers to the
reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
return of a response after punishment has been terminated
tendency of organisms to generalize conditioned responses
expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive
expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive
reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ___ reinforcement schedule
Variable interval
fixed interval
variable ratio
fixed ratio
intermittent-continuous
fixed ratio
The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of
Shaping
immediate reinforcement
modeling
respondent behavior
spontaneous recovery
modeling
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what?
the power of extinction to overcome conditoinoing
whether violence is performed
whether we see the people as similar to us
whether the participant is directly rewarded or punished for behaving
whether the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus
whether we see the people as similar to us
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm’s contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called
Shaping
spontaneous recovery
acquisition
generalization
latent learning
acquisition
Dan and Joel, both 4 year old’s, have been watching reruns of Superman on television. Joel’s mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys’ behavior?
observational learning
shaping
immediate reinforcement
classical conditioning
delayed reinforcement
observational learning
What type of learning sometimes occurs after an extended period of thinking about a problem but little or no direct, systematic interaction with the environment?
Observational learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
latent learning
operant learning
insight learning
Five year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
latent learning
spontaneous recovery
shaping
delayed reinforcement
secondary reinforcement
shaping
Ivan Pavlov’s experiments
exhibited the central principles of operant conditioning
showed that cognition is important to learning
revealed how biological predispositions affect learning
demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively
illustrated how the law of effect can be applied to conditioning
demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively
An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a
secondary reinforcer
conditioned stimulus
delayed reinforcer
negative reinforcer
punishment
punishment
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)
negative reinforcer
positive reinforcer
conditioned response
punishment
unconditioned response
positive reinforcer
Researchers trained pigs to pick up large wooden “dollars” and deposit them in a piggy bank. Instead of picking up the wooden discs, the pigs would drop them, push them with their snouts, and then pick them up to put them in the piggy bank. This behavior best illustrates
spontaneous recovery
latent learning
generalization
instinctive drift
intrinsic motivation
instinctive drift
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason’s running habit is maintained by a(n) ___ reinforcer
conditioned
intermittent
negative
positive
partial
negative
Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of
modeling
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
latent learning
operant conditioning
Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy’s behavior reflects ____, whereas Jennifer’s behavior reflects ______.
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed ratio schedule
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
insight learning; latent learning
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
According to the text, learning involves
the development of prosocial behavior.
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
acquiring knowledge that can be recalled explicitly or implicitly.
the ability to think abstractly.
a reduction in extrinsic motivation.
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace’s surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a________
schedule
a. conditioned-response
b.fixed-interval
C. fixed-ratio
d variable-ratio
e variable-interval
variable interval
Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?
a. asking for a raise
b. thanking someone for their help
c. sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor
d. blushing when embarrassed
e. studying for a test
blushing when embarrassed
Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding.
Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding.
Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called
a. intrinsic motives.
b. cognitive maps.
C. primary reinforcers.
d. discriminative stimuli
e. successive approximations.
cognitive maps
Conditioning is the process of
a. generalization.
b. observational learning.
c. discrimination.
d. learning associations.
e. spontaneous recovery.
learning associations
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
playing jump rope
clapping after a thrilling concert performance running through a maze to get a food reward
getting money as a reward
sweating in hot weather
sweating in hot weather
Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning?
a rat that has developed a taste aversion to a vanilla-flavored solution paired with a drug
a dog conditioned to salivate to a low-pitched tone
a little boy who doesn’t run into the street after being reprimanded by his mother
a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark
a pigeon in a Skinner box that learns to peck at a button to receive a food pellet
a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark
Punishment is potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children’s behaviors because
Although punishments delivered by parents can be effective, teacher delivered punishments usually have little effect
the use of punishments could condition children to fear and avoid school
children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and necessary
punishment cannot temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors
the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors, the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors
the use of punishments could condition children to fear and avoid school
monica’s psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of
generalization
shaping
habituation
latent learning
delayed reinforcement
generalization
Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of
Shaping
spontaneous recovery
intermittent reinforcement
discrimination
latent learning
discrimination
In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up the bobo doll
imitated the adult’s actions
acted aggressively in the presence of other children
displayed little interest in the experimental sitiuation
did not demonstrate prosocial behavior even when such behavior was modeled later
behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents
imitated the adult’s actions
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ____reinforcer.
negative
partial
delayed
conditioned
positive
conditioned
In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the
conditioned response.
unconditioned stimulus.
fear response.
conditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus
Which of the following factors most influences whether we will imitate a model?
disreputable, “evil” models are more likely to be imitated
if the model is seen on television or in person
whether the model is rewarded or punished
“fantasy” models (such as cartoon characters) are more likely to be imitated.
models that demonstrate antisocial behaviors are generally not imitated
whether the model is rewarded or punished
Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ____ schedule
fixed-interval
variable-interval
variable-ratio
fixed-ratio
intermittent-variable
fixed interval
John B. Watson emphasized that
learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.
both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a
US.
unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition.
cognition plays a role in conditioning through the power of prediction.
learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated.
learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.
Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of a:
observational learning.
operant conditioning.
delayed reinforcement.
shaping.
classical conditioning.
shaping
Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior?
a. Reinforcement for a task already enjoyed can backfire, reducing intrinsic motivation.
A continuous reinforcement schedule will lead to the most rapid learning.
Learning sometimes becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it.
any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated
Conditioned reinforcers get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers.
any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated
To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use
partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement.
latent learning rather than shaping.
classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning.
immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers.
immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
B. F. Skinner’s critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual’s
personal freedom.
pleasure-seeking tendencies.
early childhood experiences.
past behaviors.
cultural background.
personal freedom
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates
operant conditioning
the law of effect
observational learning
observational learning
generalization
classical conditioning
classical conditioning
Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ____ reinforcers
positive
continuous
unconditioned
fixed
primary
primary
researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of
extrinsic motives
intrinsic motives
mirror neurons
unconditioned stimuli
cognitive maps
mirror maps
Myron quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of
spontaneous recovery
generalization
negative reinforcers
secondary reinforcers
punishment
punishment
The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates
shaping
generalization
continuous reinforcement
spontaneous recovery
partial reinforcement
partial reinforcement
a trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ___ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ___ reinforcement
partial; continuous
positive; negative
primary; secondary
continuous; partial
negative; positive
continuous; partial
The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by
Skinner’s research on schedules of reinforcement
Watson and Rayner’s findings on fear conditioning in infants
Garcia’s and Koellings findings on taste aversion in rats
Pavlov’s findings on the conditioned salivary response
Bandura’s findings on observational learning and aggression in children
Garcia’s and Koellings findings on taste aversion in rats
A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the___ of the patients fear.
shaping
extinction
latent learning
reinforcement
generalization
extinction
an integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by
pavlov’s experiments
operant conditioning
the law of effect
a biopsychosocial approach
Watson’s behaviorism
a biopsychosocial approach
A skinner box is a(n)
“slot” machine used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices
chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noises
aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors
television projection decide designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning
chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
