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Histology Of Endocrine System > 🌚 > Flashcards

🌚 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

A bilobate endocrine gland located in the anterior neck region

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2
Q

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

A

Two large lateral lobes

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3
Q

What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

An isthmus, a thin band of thyroid tissue

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4
Q

What are the approximate dimensions of each lobe of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Length: ~5 cm
  • Width: ~2.5 cm
  • Weight: 20 to 30 g
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5
Q

Where are the lobes of the thyroid gland located?

A

On either side of the larynx and trachea

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6
Q

What surrounds the thyroid gland?

A

A thin loose connective tissue capsule

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7
Q

What do the septa/trabeculae from the capsule do?

A

Extend into the parenchyma of the gland dividing it into lobules

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8
Q

What do the septa convey into the gland?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatics
  • Nerves
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9
Q

What are the functional units of the thyroid gland?

A

Secretory/thyroid follicles

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a thyroid follicle.

A

Roughly spherical cyst-like compartment with a wall formed by simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium

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11
Q

What does the follicular epithelium rest on?

A

A basement membrane

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The thyroid gland consists of two large lateral lobes connected by an _______.

A

[isthmus]

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13
Q

True or False: The thyroid gland weighs between 10 to 20 grams.

A

False

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14
Q

What are the two types of cells that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine-secreting cells and norepinephrine-secreting cells

These cells are responsible for the production of catecholamines.

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15
Q

How do epinephrine-secreting cells appear under a transmission electron microscope?

A

They show smaller and less electron-dense granules, whose contents fill the granule

This indicates a difference in hormone storage between the two cell types.

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16
Q

What distinguishes norepinephrine-secreting cells when observed under a transmission electron microscope?

A

They have larger, more electron-dense granules with irregular content and an electron-lucent layer beneath the membrane

This structural difference affects the secretion and functionality of norepinephrine.

17
Q

What percentage of the catecholamine output of the adrenal vein is epinephrine?

A

About 80%

This highlights the predominance of epinephrine in adrenal catecholamine secretion.

18
Q

Do adrenal medullary cells store hormones, and how does this differ from the adrenal cortex?

A

Yes, they accumulate and store their hormones in granules; unlike the cortex, which does not store steroids

This storage mechanism is crucial for the rapid release of hormones during stress.

19
Q

How are adrenal medullary cells innervated?

A

By cholinergic endings of preganglionic sympathetic neurons

This innervation is essential for the stimulation of catecholamine release.

20
Q

What is the structure and function of pancreatic islets?

A

They are spherical or ovoid clusters of endocrine cells scattered in the connective tissue stroma between pancreatic exocrine acini

These islets play a vital role in regulating blood glucose levels.

21
Q

What type of capillaries vascularize the pancreatic islets?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

This vascularization is important for the efficient exchange of hormones into the bloodstream.

22
Q

How do all of the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets appear in routine light microscopy (LM) preparations?

A

They appear similar

This similarity necessitates the use of immunohistochemistry to differentiate cell types.

23
Q

How many major cell types are indicated to exist among the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets?

A

At least three major cell types

Additionally, there are three or more minor cell types.

24
Q

What are the two types of cells that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine-secreting cells and norepinephrine-secreting cells

These cells are responsible for the production of catecholamines.

25
Q

How do epinephrine-secreting cells appear under a transmission electron microscope?

A

They show smaller and less electron-dense granules, whose contents fill the granule

This indicates a difference in hormone storage between the two cell types.

26
Q

What distinguishes norepinephrine-secreting cells when observed under a transmission electron microscope?

A

They have larger, more electron-dense granules with irregular content and an electron-lucent layer beneath the membrane

This structural difference affects the secretion and functionality of norepinephrine.

27
Q

What percentage of the catecholamine output of the adrenal vein is epinephrine?

A

About 80%

This highlights the predominance of epinephrine in adrenal catecholamine secretion.

28
Q

Do adrenal medullary cells store hormones, and how does this differ from the adrenal cortex?

A

Yes, they accumulate and store their hormones in granules; unlike the cortex, which does not store steroids

This storage mechanism is crucial for the rapid release of hormones during stress.

29
Q

How are adrenal medullary cells innervated?

A

By cholinergic endings of preganglionic sympathetic neurons

This innervation is essential for the stimulation of catecholamine release.

30
Q

What is the structure and function of pancreatic islets?

A

They are spherical or ovoid clusters of endocrine cells scattered in the connective tissue stroma between pancreatic exocrine acini

These islets play a vital role in regulating blood glucose levels.

31
Q

What type of capillaries vascularize the pancreatic islets?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

This vascularization is important for the efficient exchange of hormones into the bloodstream.

32
Q

How do all of the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets appear in routine light microscopy (LM) preparations?

A

They appear similar

This similarity necessitates the use of immunohistochemistry to differentiate cell types.

33
Q

How many major cell types are indicated to exist among the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets?

A

At least three major cell types

Additionally, there are three or more minor cell types.

Histology Of Endocrine System (1 decks)

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