연세 문법 Flashcards
부터 ~ 까지
Used with a place or time noun to indicate the range between when a place or time begins and ends
으로/로(1)
Used with a noun to show direction, it is followed by verbs such as ‘가다,오다’ (to)
-을/ㄹ 거예요
If the subject is first or second person, it indicates the speaker’s intention or future fact, in this case it is only used with action verbs. If the subject is third person, it indicates the speaker’s assumption or guess, used with both action and description verbs (will)
ㅂ동사
When some verbs that end in ‘ㅂ’ like ‘덥다,춥다’ are followed by a vowel, ‘ㅂ’ changes to ‘우’. However with ‘돕다,곱다’, ‘ㅂ’ changes to ‘오’ when followed by ‘-어/아’ and changes to ‘우’ when followed by ‘-으’. However, action verbs such as ‘입다,잡다,씹다’ and descriptive verbs such as ‘좁다,넓다’ follow regular conjugation
Used in front of action verbs meaning ‘not being able to’, or ‘not having the capability of’, it should always go right in front of ‘-하다’ if it is present (can’t, couldn’t)
못
Used together with a noun of various types or objects, or enumerated nouns (among)
중에서
Used when the speaker expects a response fro the listener. Use ‘-는데요’ with an action verb and 은데요/ㄴ데요 with a descriptive verb
-는데요, 은데요/ㄴ데요
에(1)
Used with a place noun to indicate a location of a person or thing
-읍시다/ㅂ시다
Express the want to preform an action together (let’s…)
adnominal ending -은(2), -는, -을
Used with an action verb to modify the following noun. When the action is completed, use ‘-은/ㄴ’, when the action is on going, use ‘-는’, when making a predication, use ‘-을/ㄹ’
Indicates that the following clause is the opposite result or situation from the fact in the first clause, also used to refer two facts that contradict each other. With an action verb, use ‘-는데’ and for with a descriptive verb, use ‘-은데/ㄴ데’ (but)
-는데, 은데/ㄴ데
-을까요/ㄹ까요?(1)
Express the suggestion of doing things together or asking opinions (should)
Used with a place noun to indicate where the action is taking place
에서
Attached to a descriptive verb stem to modify the following noun
adnominal ending -은(1)
Object particle
을/를
-겠-(2)
Used to express the assumption or supposition based on the situation or the state at the moment of speaking (seems)
에게서/한테서
Used with a personal pronoun when an action of a verb initiates from the person. Often used with verbs such as ‘배우다,듣다,받다,빌다, meaning ‘으로부터(from)’.’께서’ is an honorific form of ‘이/가’
Indicates the speaker’s intention, vow or promise for the future (I will…)
-을게요/ㄹ게요
이나/나
Indicate enumeration of more than two objects, or a choice of one of them (or)
Indicates the reason or cause of the next clause (because, so)
-으니까/니까
-어서/아서/여서(1)
Indicates the action expressed in the first clause occurs first before being followed by the action of the second clause, and the actions of the two clauses are closely related. ‘-었/았/였-,-겠-‘ cannot be used in front of ‘-어서/아서/여서’ and for ‘하다’ use ‘-여서’, which is often contracted to ‘해서’
Used to affirm or admit the action or state of the preceding clause, but implying something opposite or countervailing in the following clause (but)
-지만
은/는
Topic particle, also used to express comparison or emphasis
에 가다/오다
Indicates that the place noun preceding ‘-에’ is the destination
-는데, 은데/ㄴ데
Indicates that the following clause is the opposite result or situation from the fact in the first clause, also used to refer two facts that contradict each other. With an action verb, use ‘-는데’ and for with a descriptive verb, use ‘-은데/ㄴ데’ (but)
Used with an action verb and indicates the time with the action occurs (when). Only ‘-때’ is used with nouns (time)
-을/ㄹ 때
Used with an action verb to indicate the order of the action (and (then))
고(2)
ㄹ당사
When a verb stem that ends with ‘ㄹ’ is followed by ‘ㄴ,ㅂ, or ㅅ’, ‘ㄹ’ is deleted
Indicates that the first clause is the assumption or condition of the next clause (if)
-으면/면
Express the suggestion of doing things together or asking opinions (should)
-을까요/ㄹ까요?(1)
-기 전에
Used with an action verb to indicate one action took place before another, Only use ‘전에’ in front of a noun The word attached to ‘-(기) 전에’ is the noun that happens second (before)
Used with a place noun to indicate a location of a person or thing
에(1)
Used with an action verb to modify the following noun. When the action is completed, use ‘-은/ㄴ’, when the action is on going, use ‘-는’, when making a predication, use ‘-을/ㄹ’
adnominal ending -은(2), -는, -을
-으려고/려고 하다
Used with an action verb to express a plan or intention (plan, planning)
-을/ㄹ 때
Used with an action verb and indicates the time with the action occurs (when). Only ‘-때’ is used with nouns (time)
-는군요/군요
Used to express the fact the speaker just realized with an exclamation remark, use ‘-군요’ with a descriptive verb and ‘-는군요’ with an action verb. The tense makers ‘-았/었/였-,-겠-‘ can be used in front of this ending
만
Used with a noun or an adverb to express the meaning of ‘only, just’
-고 싶다
Indicate the wish or for hope the action to take place, when the subject is 3rd person use ‘-고 싶어하다’ (want)
Indicate that a subject’s action or state is negative
-지 않다
Indicates that the place noun preceding ‘-에’ is the destination
에 가다/오다
까지
Used with a noun to denote the finishing point of a time or place
-을게요/ㄹ게요
Indicates the speaker’s intention, vow or promise for the future (I will…)
Used with an action verb to show asking favor or when providing help to someone
-어/아/여 주다
-으시/시-
Used to express respect for the subject of the sentence, used along side the honorific subject particle ‘께서’
에서
Used with a place noun to indicate where the action is taking place
Used with nouns denoting time or place in order to express the starting and finishing point
에서 ~ 까지
Indicate the speaker’s intention, in an interrogative sentence, it is used to ask the listener’s intention (will)
-겠-(1)
-으니까/니까
Indicates the reason or cause of the next clause (because, so)
Used with a noun for people or animal(s) to indicate that the noun preceding is the object of the action, usually action verbs such as ‘주다,보내다,가르치다,빌려주다’ follow. In spoken language use ‘한테’. ‘께’ is the honorific form
에게/한테/께
Indicate the wish or for hope the action to take place, when the subject is 3rd person use ‘-고 싶어하다’ (want)
-고 싶다
When some verbs that end in ‘ㅂ’ like ‘덥다,춥다’ are followed by a vowel, ‘ㅂ’ changes to ‘우’. However with ‘돕다,곱다’, ‘ㅂ’ changes to ‘오’ when followed by ‘-어/아’ and changes to ‘우’ when followed by ‘-으’. However, action verbs such as ‘입다,잡다,씹다’ and descriptive verbs such as ‘좁다,넓다’ follow regular conjugation
ㅂ동사
르동사
When verbs that end in ‘르’ such as ‘모르다’ are followed by ‘어/아/여’, ‘ㄹ’ is added in front of ‘르’ and the vowel ‘ㅡ’ in ‘르’ is deleted
-지요?
Used when the speaker wants to seek the listener’s agreement or to ascertain the listener’s meaning
-어서/아서/여서(2)
Indicates that the action of the first clause is the reason for the action of the second clause. The second clause cannot contain an imperative or propositive (let’s). ‘-었/았/였-,-겠-‘ cannot be used in front of ‘-어서/아서/여서’
ㅎ동사
When some verbs that end in ‘ㅎ’ like the descriptive verbs ‘빨갛다,노랗다’ are followed by a vowel, ‘ㅎ’ is deleted. When followed by ‘으’ such as ‘-으니까,-은,-을까요’, both ‘ㅎ’ and ‘으’ are deleted. When the verb is followed by ‘-어/아/여’ such as ‘-어서/아서/여서,-었/았였-‘ the vowel of the verb stem without ‘ㅎ’ and the vowel of the ending combine together and change to ‘하얘’.’좋다’ doesn’t follow this rule
동안
Used with a noun indicating a period, meaning ‘during the time’
에게/한테/께
Used with a noun for people or animal(s) to indicate that the noun preceding is the object of the action, usually action verbs such as ‘주다,보내다,가르치다,빌려주다’ follow. In spoken language use ‘한테’. ‘께’ is the honorific form
Used with action verbs meaning ‘not being able to’, or ‘not having the capability of’ (can’t, couldn’t)
-지 못하다
-지 말다
Used to form a negation of an imperative (-으십시오/십시오) or propositive (-읍시다/ㅂ시다)
Used to express the fact the speaker just realized with an exclamation remark, use ‘-군요’ with a descriptive verb and ‘-는군요’ with an action verb. The tense makers ‘-았/었/였-,-겠-‘ can be used in front of this ending
-는군요/군요
Indicates the action expressed in the first clause occurs first before being followed by the action of the second clause, and the actions of the two clauses are closely related. ‘-었/았/였-,-겠-‘ cannot be used in front of ‘-어서/아서/여서’ and for ‘하다’ use ‘-여서’, which is often contracted to ‘해서’
-어서/아서/여서(1)
Express the want to preform an action together (let’s…)
-읍시다/ㅂ시다
-겠-(1)
Indicate the speaker’s intention, in an interrogative sentence, it is used to ask the listener’s intention (will)
-을까요/ㄹ까요?(2)
Used to ask an opinion of the listener about the speaker’s action
고(1)
Used to link more than two verbs regardless of order (and)
Used with a place or time noun to indicate the range between when a place or time begins and ends
부터 ~ 까지
Used to ask an opinion of the listener about the speaker’s action
-을까요/ㄹ까요?(2)
에(2)
Used with a time noun to indicate the time or place the situation takes place, not used with ‘엔제, 오늘, 내일, 어제’
에 ~ 쯤
Used with a noun of number or with noun-counting units to indicate a base of units or calculation. ‘쯤’ attaches to a noun to roughly express the quality, time, places, etc. (about)
Indicate a command to the listener to do something
-으십시오/십시오
-지만
Used to affirm or admit the action or state of the preceding clause, but implying something opposite or countervailing in the following clause (but)
Used with a noun or an adverb to express the meaning of ‘only, just’
만
과/와, 하고
Used with a noun to link two or more nouns together on an equal level, interchangeable with ‘하고’ (and)
Used to express the assumption or supposition based on the situation or the state at the moment of speaking (seems)
-겠-(2)
중에서
Used together with a noun of various types or objects, or enumerated nouns (among)
Subject particle
이/가
When verbs that end in ‘르’ such as ‘모르다’ are followed by ‘어/아/여’, ‘ㄹ’ is added in front of ‘르’ and the vowel ‘ㅡ’ in ‘르’ is deleted
르동사
Indicates the ability or possibility of an action, if there is no ability or possibility use ‘-을/ㄹ 수 없다’ (can/cannot)
-을/ㄹ 수 있다
-으십시오/십시오
Indicate a command to the listener to do something
Used when the speaker wants to seek the listener’s agreement or to ascertain the listener’s meaning
-지요?
으로/로(2)
Used with nouns to indicate means, cause, reason, statues, etc.
Used to form a negation of an imperative (-으십시오/십시오) or propositive (-읍시다/ㅂ시다)
-지 말다
에서 ~ 까지
Used with nouns denoting time or place in order to express the starting and finishing point
adnominal ending -은(1)
Attached to a descriptive verb stem to modify the following noun
보다
Used with a noun to make a comparison of two objects, the noun in front of ‘’ is the lesser of the two objects (than)
Used with a noun of number or with noun-counting units to indicate a base of units or calculation. ‘쯤’ attaches to a noun to roughly express the quality, time, places, etc. (about)
에 ~ 쯤
Usually used with verbs with a meaning of ‘transfer’, such as ‘가다,오다’ to indicate the goal or purpose of transferring
-으러/러
Used to link more than two verbs regardless of order (and)
고(1)
When a verb stem that ends with ‘ㄹ’ is followed by ‘ㄴ,ㅂ, or ㅅ’, ‘ㄹ’ is deleted
ㄹ당사
Used with a noun indicating a period, meaning ‘during the time’
동안
Used with an action verb to express a plan or intention (plan, planning)
-으려고/려고 하다
-을/ㄹ 수 있다
Indicates the ability or possibility of an action, if there is no ability or possibility use ‘-을/ㄹ 수 없다’ (can/cannot)
-지 못하다
Used with action verbs meaning ‘not being able to’, or ‘not having the capability of’ (can’t, couldn’t)
If the subject is first or second person, it indicates the speaker’s intention or future fact, in this case it is only used with action verbs. If the subject is third person, it indicates the speaker’s assumption or guess, used with both action and description verbs (will)
-을/ㄹ 거예요
Used with a personal pronoun when an action of a verb initiates from the person. Often used with verbs such as ‘배우다,듣다,받다,빌다, meaning ‘으로부터(from)’.’께서’ is an honorific form of ‘이/가’
에게서/한테서
Used with a time noun to indicate the time or place the situation takes place, not used with ‘엔제, 오늘, 내일, 어제’
에(2)
Used with a noun to show direction, it is followed by verbs such as ‘가다,오다’ (to)
으로/로(1)
ㄷ동사
When some action verbs that end in ‘ㄷ’ are followed by a vowel ‘ㄷ’ changes to ‘ㄹ’. However, verbs such as ‘받다,믿다,얻다,닫다’ are conjugated normally
Used with nouns to indicate means, cause, reason, statues, etc.
으로/로(2)
-는데요, 은데요/ㄴ데요
Used when the speaker expects a response fro the listener. Use ‘-는데요’ with an action verb and 은데요/ㄴ데요 with a descriptive verb
고(2)
Used with an action verb to indicate the order of the action (and (then))
을/를
Object particle
Used with an action verb to indicate one action took place before another, Only use ‘전에’ in front of a noun The word attached to ‘-(기) 전에’ is the noun that happens second (before)
-기 전에
Used with an action verb to indicate the action is on going (-ing)
-고 있다
-을/ㄹ 것 같다
Indicates the assumption of the action or state that will take place in the future (seems)
Indicate enumeration of more than two objects, or a choice of one of them (or)
이나/나
Used with a noun to make a comparison of two objects, the noun in front of ‘’ is the lesser of the two objects (than)
보다
-은/ㄴ 후에
Indicates the ending of the action in the first clause and the subsequent result in the second clause. With action verbs use ‘-은/ㄴ 후에’ and with nouns only use ‘-후에’ (after)
이/가
Subject particle
Indicates the assumption of the action or state that will take place in the future (seems)
-을/ㄹ 것 같다
-어/아/여 주다
Used with an action verb to show asking favor or when providing help to someone
못
Used in front of action verbs meaning ‘not being able to’, or ‘not having the capability of’, it should always go right in front of ‘-하다’ if it is present (can’t, couldn’t)
Topic particle, also used to express comparison or emphasis
은/는
When some verbs that end in ‘ㅎ’ like the descriptive verbs ‘빨갛다,노랗다’ are followed by a vowel, ‘ㅎ’ is deleted. When followed by ‘으’ such as ‘-으니까,-은,-을까요’, both ‘ㅎ’ and ‘으’ are deleted. When the verb is followed by ‘-어/아/여’ such as ‘-어서/아서/여서,-었/았였-‘ the vowel of the verb stem without ‘ㅎ’ and the vowel of the ending combine together and change to ‘하얘’.’좋다’ doesn’t follow this rule
ㅎ동사
-지 않다
Indicate that a subject’s action or state is negative
Used with a noun to denote the finishing point of a time or place
까지
Indicates the ending of the action in the first clause and the subsequent result in the second clause. With action verbs use ‘-은/ㄴ 후에’ and with nouns only use ‘-후에’ (after)
-은/ㄴ 후에
When some action verbs that end in ‘ㄷ’ are followed by a vowel ‘ㄷ’ changes to ‘ㄹ’. However, verbs such as ‘받다,믿다,얻다,닫다’ are conjugated normally
ㄷ동사
Used to express respect for the subject of the sentence, used along side the honorific subject particle ‘께서’
-으시/시-
-으러/러
Usually used with verbs with a meaning of ‘transfer’, such as ‘가다,오다’ to indicate the goal or purpose of transferring
Used with a noun to link two or more nouns together on an equal level, interchangeable with ‘하고’ (and)
과/와, 하고
-고 있다
Used with an action verb to indicate the action is on going (-ing)
Indicates that the action of the first clause is the reason for the action of the second clause. The second clause cannot contain an imperative or propositive (let’s). ‘-었/았/였-,-겠-‘ cannot be used in front of ‘-어서/아서/여서’
-어서/아서/여서(2)
-으면/면
Indicates that the first clause is the assumption or condition of the next clause (if)
