岩石和土壤 Flashcards

1
Q

岩石分哪三类?怎样形成?

A

火成岩=岩浆冷却凝固
沉积岩=外力作用
变质岩=变质作用

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2
Q

岩浆在地表下冷却凝固,经风化侵蚀露出表面形成?如?特征?

A

侵入岩 花岗岩

结晶颗粒粗大

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3
Q

岩浆喷出地表迅速凝固形成?如?特征?

A

喷出岩 玄武岩

结晶颗粒细小,有气孔!

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4
Q

火成岩分为___&___?

A

侵入岩(花岗岩)

喷出岩(玄武岩)

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5
Q

地表上的砾石、页岩、珊瑚石、砂石等经过外力作用形成?如?特征?2

A

沉积岩 石灰岩、砂岩、页岩

有层理(一层一层),有古生物遗体化石

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6
Q

岩石在岩浆活动或____产生的高温高压条件下发生变化形成?如?

A

地壳运动 变质岩

大理岩、板岩

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7
Q

沉积岩和变质岩在什么作用下形成火成岩?

A

熔融

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8
Q

因化学作用沉积而成的岩石?

A

石灰岩

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9
Q

大理岩由__岩变质而成?

A

石灰岩

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10
Q

板岩由__岩变质而成?

A

页岩

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11
Q

地壳由___组成?

A

岩石

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12
Q

喷出岩常形成__节理?

A

柱状

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13
Q

外力作用包括?4

A

流水 风 波浪 冰川

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14
Q

土壤肥力的重要特质?

A

有机质

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15
Q

土壤肥力高低取决于土壤中___、___、___、___的协调程度?

A

水分 空气 养分 热量

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16
Q

有机质(生物)释放什么给土壤?

有什么用途?

A

氮=植物养分来源

二氧化碳=加强光合作用

17
Q

黑钙土分布于?特征?

A

温带草原

有机质含量丰富,肥力高

18
Q

全球最肥沃且适合农牧业发展的土壤?

A

黑钙土

19
Q

热带雨林、热带季风气候区的土壤肥力较差的主要原因?

主要是什么土壤?

A

淋滤作用强 砖红壤

20
Q

在湿润半湿润区砍伐森林、毁坏草皮,易造成水土流失的原因?

A

植被覆盖率降低

21
Q

土壤肥力最高的土层?

A

表土层

22
Q

地中海型气候区的土壤特征?2

A

矿物质多

腐殖质层厚

23
Q

砖红壤的特征?2

A

土性粘重

淋滤作用强