でる順パス単 Flashcards
(usually passive) to cause pain, suffering, or trouble to someone, especially for a long period of time
plague
The department store was PLAGUED WITH shoplifters, some of whom operated in gangs.
someone who publicly supports someone or something
advocate （支持者）
The missionary is well-known advocate of prison reform.
the amount of money that you have in your bank account
balance
He checked his bank balance on the Internet.
someone who supports something or persuades people to do something
proponent
The pop star is known as an ardent proponent of vegetarianism.
someone who is being kept in a prison
inmate
Inmates in a local prison rioted and took several guards hostage.
病原菌、微生物
microbe
Many diseases are caused by microbes that are invisible to the naked eye.
変異型
mutation
The new flu was said to be a mutation of an earlier virus.
a lake, especially an artificial one, where water is stored before it is supplied to people’s houses
reservoir
The heavy rainfall caused the reservoir to overflow and flood the surrounding countryside.
to reduce or be reduced in size or importance
diminish
Her pain diminished after she took the medicine the doctor prescribed.
to make something stronger
reinforce
The pockets on my jeans are reinforced with double stitching.
to show or state that someone or something is not guilty of something
exonerate
As a result of the trial, he was exonerated of all the charges.
to die, especially in an accident or by being killed, or to be destroyed:
perish
Three hundred people perished in the earthquake.
to (cause to) stop moving or doing something or happening:
halt
Filming was halted after the lead actor became ill.
to become gradually damaged, worse, or less; to cause something to do this
decay
The flesh on a dead body decays very rapidly.
something starts again after a pause:
resume
Normal services will be resumed in the spring.
to give someone the right to do or have something:
entitle
Children and the elderly are entitled to cheap train tickets.
to watch or organize a job or an activity to make certain that it is being done correctly:
oversee
As marketing manager, her job is to oversee all the company’s advertising.
to have things or people as parts or members; to consist of:
comprise
The course comprises a class book, a practice book, and a CD.
to take a machine apart or to come apart into separate pieces:
dismantle
She dismantled the washing machine to see what the problem was, but couldn’t put it back together again.
to move soldiers or equipment to a place where they can be used when they are needed:
deploy
The decision has been made to deploy extra troops/more powerful weapons.
to (cause to) start burning or explode:
ignite
The fuel spontaneously ignites because of the high temperature and pressure.
an illegal copy of a document, painting, etc. or the crime of making such illegal copies:
forgery
He increased his income by forgery.
a list of matters to be discussed at a meeting:
agenda
There were several important items on the agenda.
(of a disease) able to be passed from one person, animal, or plant to another:
infectious
an infectious disease
reasonable and acceptable:
legitimate
He claimed that the restaurant bill was a legitimate business expense.
willingness to do things that bring advantages to others, even if it results in disadvantage for yourself:
altruism
altruistic behavior
- to put your arms around sb as a sign of love or friendship
- to accept an idea, a proposal, a set of beliefs, etc, especially when it is done with enthusiasm
embrace
- She embraced her son warmly.
- The government embraced his proposals for cutting carbon emissions.
to prevent sth from happening or make it happen more slowly or less frequently than normal
inhibit
A lack of oxygen may inhibit brain development in the unborn child.
(passive) to describe sth as being very good or special, especially in newspapers, etc
hail
The conference was hailed as a great success.
to remind sb of sth; to be similar to what sb thinks or believes
resonate
These issues resonated with the voters.
to take or show sb where they should go
usher
The secretary ushered me into his office.
to make sb decide not to do sth or continue doing sth, especially by making them understand the difficulties and unpleasant results of their actions
deter
I told him I wasn’t interested, but he wasn’t deterred.
someone who is involved in a secret plan to do something illegal
conspirator
After their failed attempt to kill the dictator, the conspirators were rounded up and executed.
- of a good enough standard or quality
2. following moral standards that are acceptable to society
decent
Don’t you have a decent jacket?
an argument etc that makes you feel certain that something is true or that you must do something about it
compelling
The court was presented with compelling evidence that she’d murdered her husband.
very many
myriad
We were plagued by a myriad tiny flies.
to control and use the force or strength of sth to produce power or to achieve sth
harness
attempts to harness the sun’s rays as a source of energy
talk or arguments used by a person trying to sell things or persuade people to do sth
pitch
Each company was given ten minutes to make its pitch.
the state of being kept as a prisoner or in a confined space
captivity
The bird had escaped from captivity.
the solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid
sediment
brown sediment in the bottom of a coffee cup
something that makes people unhappy or that spoils their lives or the environment they live in
blight
Her guilty secret was a blight on her happiness.
the regular exchange of information between groups of people, especially at work, so that each group knows what the other is doing
liaison
close liaison between the army and police
a fault or a lack of something that means that something or someone is not perfect
defect
All the cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory.
a serious defect, a major defect, a physical defect…
made to look exactly like something else, in order to deceive people
counterfeit
a counterfeit passport
responsible for the effects of your actions and willing to explain or be criticized for them
accountable
Managers must be accountable for their decision.
likely to become violent or to cause feelings of violence
explosive
He’s good at defusing potentially explosive situation.
a method, product, practice etc that has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type
conventional
a marriage in the conventional sense of the word
- showing strong serious feelings
- showing great knowledge and understanding
- deep or far below the surface of sth
profound
Shino is a profound thinker.
- to exist or be very common at a particular time or in a particular place
- to defeat an opponent, especially after a long struggle
prevail
Those beliefs still prevail among certain social groups.
to plan, organize, and begin an event or a course of action
mount
The Nationally Gallery mounted an exhibition of Danish painting.
a person or company that agrees to do work or provide goods for another company
contractor
a roofing contractor
given free to people
complimentary
There was a complimentary bottle of champagne in the hotel room.
giving strong loyal support to another person or organization, belief, etc
staunch
a staunch conservative （筋金入りの保守主義者）
the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong
conscience
It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help.
the practice of keeping yourself and the things around you clean in order to prevent diseases
hygiene
the importance of personal hygiene
to do sth or behave in the same way as someone else, especially because you admire them
emulate
He hoped to emulate the success of Wilder.
To carelessly waste money, time, opportunities etc
squander
The home team squandered a number of chances in the first half.
to state officially that a right, rule etc can be ignored
waive
She waived her right to a lawyer.
to remove all signs of sth, by destroying or covering it completely
obliterate
Everything that happened that night was obliterated from his memory.
a country or state officially stops being part of it and becomes independent
secede
By 1861, 11 states had seceded from the Union.
to make someone suffer sth unpleasant
inflict
The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy.
a special document that gives you the right to make or sell a new invention or product that no one else in allowed to copy
patent
He applied for a patent for a new method of removing paint.
the end of sth that used to exist
demise
his sudden demise
power and influence
clout
I knew his opinion carried a lot of clout with them.
the act of deliberately making sb believe sth that is not true
deception
a drama full of lies and deception
having a strong effect on your body or mind
powerful
potent
a potent drug/argument
being an essential part of sth
integral
Music is an integral part of the school’s curriculum.
causing or able to cause death
lethal
The closure of the factory dealt a lethal blow to the town.
not interesting or exciting
mundane
a mundane task/job
- quickly and without difficulty
2. in a way that shows you do not object to sth
readily
All ingredients are readily available from your local store.
- the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell your what to do
- an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem.
initiative
an education initiative
I wish my son would show more initiative.
more important than anything else
paramount
During a war the interests of the state are paramount, and those of the individual come last.
to be confused or shocked by a situation
reel
Norman’s brain was reeling, but he did his best to appear calm.
to happen or exist before sth or someone, or to come before sth else in a series
precede
Lunch will be preceded by a short speech from the chairman.
- to use your power, influence etc in order to make sth happen
- to work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental energy
exert
These large companies exert considerable influence over the government.
exert influence, exert pressure
to admit that sth is true or correct, although you wish it were not true
concede
I conceded that I had made a number of errors.
to make a bad situation worse
exacerbate
The recession has exacerbated this problem.
- you say that you are doing sth because the law allows or forces you to
- to ask for help from someone more powerful than you, especially a god
invoke
The UN threatened to invoke economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.
the practical arrangements that are needed in order to make a pan that involves a lot of people and equipment successful
logistics
the logistics of traveling with small children
to pay back money to sb which they have spent or lost
reimbursement
reimburse his travel expenses
a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity etc in a country than usual
recession
There is deep recession in the UK.
a system of voting, usually in secret, or an occasion when you vote in this way
ballot
The party leader is elected by secret ballot.
extremely great or surprising
numbers
staggering
The financial impact on the town was staggering.
spoken or written in secret and intended to be kept secret
confidential
a confidential government report
to make someone feel less afraid, worried, etc
allay
The president made a statement to allay public anxiety.
to stop sth from happening or developing
stifle
rules and regulations that stifle innovation
(formal) to say or write bad things about someone or sth
vilify
Johnson was vilified in the press for refusing to resign.
to make a sudden sideways movement while moving forwards, usually in order to avoid hitting sth
swerve
The car swerved sharply to avoid the dog.
- to protect sth and prevent it from changing or being damaged
- to use as little water, energy etc as possible so that it is not wasted
conserve
the need to conserve energy
We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.
to plan or invent a new way of doing sth
devise
She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.
a large group of people in one place
throng
She got lost in the throng.
the most successful point in the development of sth
zenith
The Roman Empire reached its zenith around the year 100.
(formal) a natural tendency to behave in a particular way
propensity
the male propensity to fight
an illness that is not very serious
ailment
She spent two days in hospital after suffering a minor heart ailment.
a short attempt at doing a particular job or activity, especially one that is very different from what you usually do
foray
It will be my first foray into local government.
- practical knowledge and ability
2. someone who is clever and knows how to deal with situations successfully.
savvy
He’s obviously got a lot of political savvy.
a legal agreement in which someone promises to pay a person or organization an amount of money regularly
covenant
the Covenant of the League of Nations
the activity of digging in the ground to look for old buildings or objects that have been buried for a long time
excavation
The site has been excavated by archaeologists.
a person who strongly disagree with and criticizes their government, especially in a country where this kind of action is dangerous
dissident
a political dissident / dissident writers
(formal) used when reporting sth that people say is true, although it has not been proved
allegedly
a sports car, allegedly stolen in Manchester
to make a formal or official complaint, protest etc
lodge
They lodged a complaint against the doctor for negligence.
to end with a particular result, or at a particular point
culminate
a gun battle which culminated in the death of two police officers
to make sth such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time
perpetuate
Comics tend to perpetuate the myth that ‘boys don’t cry’.
to change your opinion about sth; to make sb change their opinion
budge
He won’t budge an inch on the issue.
connected with or belonging to a town, city or district that has its own local government
municipal
municipal elections
municipal workers
- able to feel better quickly after sth unpleasant such as shock, injury, etc
- (of a substance) returning to its original shape after being bent, stretched, or pressed
resilient
He’ll get over it - young people are amazingly resilient.
to persuade someone to do sth, especially sth that does not seem wise
induce
Nothing would induce me to vote for him again.
to make sb very interested and want to know more about sth
intrigue
You’ve really intrigued me - tell me more!
to enter sth and pass or spread through it, especially when this is difficult
penetrate
Sunlight barely penetrated the dirty windows.
- to make process start, especially one relating to law or politics
- to persuade someone to do sth bad or violent
instigate
Charles instigated a program of reforms.
to praise sth very much
extol
a speech extolling the merits of free enterprise
the process of taking away an amount from a total, or the amount that is taken away
deduction
After deductions for tax etc, your salary is about $700 a month.
in the area around a particular place
vicinity
The stolen car was found in the vicinity of the station.
- likely to suffer from a particular illness or be affected by a particular problem
- a person who is easily influenced or attracted by someone or sth
susceptible
Older people are more susceptible to infections.
A lot of TV advertising is aimed at susceptible young children.
- very clean and tidy
2. exactly correct or perfect in every detail
immaculate
He wore an immaculate dark blue suit.
her immaculate stage performances
- very powerful or impressive, and often frightening
2. difficult to deal with and needing a lot of effort or skill
formidable
The new range of computers have formidable processing power.
the formidable task of local government reorganization
to be the case of a situation or feeling
engender
- the changes in society engendered by the war
- relationships that engender trust in children
to make someone or sth have a particular quality, or to believe that they have it
endow
He was endowed with the responsibility of taking care of his old mother.
to defeat someone completely in a battle, competition, or election
rout
The Buffalo Bills routed the Atlanta Falcons 41-14.
to behave or feel towards sb in the same way as they behave or feel towards sb in the same way as they behave or feel towards you
reciprocate
He smiled but his smile was not reciprocated.
Her passion for him was not reciprocated.
to take the place of a person or thing so that they are not longer used, no longer in a position of power etc
supplant
workers supplanted by machinery
Buses have supplanted trams.
the ability to influence what people do
leverage
diplomatic leverage by the US
sympathy for someone who has had sth bad happen to them, especially when someone has died
condolence
a letter of condolence
a feeling of satisfaction with yourself or with a situation, so that you do not think any change is necessary; the state of being complacent
complacency
Despite signs of an improvement in the economy, there is no room for complacency.
(of sth bad) existing or spreading everywhere in a way that cannot be controlled
rampant
Unemployment is now rampant in most of Europe.
- being careful that every detail of sth is correct
2. (sometimes disapproving) not liking things to be dirty or untidy
fastidious
He was fastidious in his preparation for the big day.
She wasn’t very fastidious about personal hygiene.
feeling as if you have not energy and no interest in doing anything
lethargic
The hot weather was making us all lethargic.
- (of a person) always doing sth or enjoying sth, and unlikely to stop
inveterate
an inveterate liar
to give back a job or position that had been taken away from sb
reinstate
He was reinstated in his post.
to lead or be in charge of a meeting, ceremony, etc
preside
They asked if I would preside at the committee meeting.
- angry disagreement between people
2. a belief or an opinion that you express, especially in an argument.
contention
One area of contention is the availability of nursery care.
having a strong effect on your feelings, especially in a way that makes you feel sad
poignant
Her face was a poignant reminder of the passing of time.
needing great effort; causing trouble or worry
onerous
an onerous duty/task/responsibility
to give sb information that is supposed to be secret
divulge
Police refused to divulge the identity of the suspect.
to stop a fire from burning by pouring water over it; to put out a light
douse
douse a fire
to have and show a lot of respect for sb/sth, especially sb/sth that is considered to be holy or very important
venerate
a symbol of Arab courage, to be venerated for generations
a feeling of worry, shock, or fear
consternation
The government’s plans have caused considerable consternation among many Americans.
