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A&p The ❤ Heart > ❤ > Flashcards

❤ Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac muscle cells are branched and may be called

A

muscle fibers

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2
Q

cardiac muscle cells have many mitochondria the function of which is to produce

A

atp

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3
Q

units of contraction of cardiac muscle fibers are

A

sarcomeres

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4
Q

the striations of cardiac fibers are the result of the arrangement of contracting protiens

A

myosin and actin

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5
Q

electically and action potential is what

A

depolarization followed by repolarization

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6
Q

an action potential involves the entry of what into the muscle fiber followed by the exit of what from the muscle fiber

A

sodium ions and potassium ions

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7
Q

cardiac muscle cells generate their own action potential which means that they do not require what in order to contract

A

nerve impulses

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8
Q

the electrical impulses of cardiac myocytes spread quickly to adjacent cells because of the presence of what at the end of the cells

A

intercalated discs

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9
Q

the speed of the electrical impulses ensures that in one heartbeat the two - will contract first followed by the simultaneous contraction of the two -

A

atrias and ventricles

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10
Q

cardiac muscle is an endocrine tissue because some cells produce a hormone called

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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11
Q

the stimulus for anp secretion is

A

strectching of the heart muscle

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12
Q

the effect of anp on the kidneys is to decrease the reapsorption of - which in turn increases the excretiin of -

A

sodium ions. water

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13
Q

the effect of anp on vascular smooth muscle is to cause

A

vasodilation

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14
Q

anp also stimulates the conversion of white adipocytes to brown adipocytes so that fats are not stored but rather their energy is released in the form of

A

heat

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15
Q

what is the function of the heart

A

pump blood

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16
Q

the heart is located in the mediasternum which is the area between the

A

lungs in the thoracic cavity

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17
Q

what is the organ directly below the heart

A

diaphragm

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18
Q

how many layers of pericardial membranes are around the heart

A

3

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19
Q

the outermost layer is called what and it isnmade up of what kind of tissue

A

fibrous pericardium and fibrous connective tissue

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20
Q

the serous membrane that lines the fibrous pericardium is called the

A

parietal pericardium

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21
Q

the serous membrane that is on the surface of the heart muscle is called

A

visceral pericardium or the epicardium

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22
Q

the function of the serous fluid produced by the serous layers is to what as the heart beats

A

prevent friction

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23
Q

the heat has how many chambers

A

4

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24
Q

what are the upper two chambers of the heart called

A

atria

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25
Q

what are the two lower chambers of the heart called

A

ventricles

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26
Q

what is the tissue that forms the walls of the chamber of the heart

A

myocardium or cardiac muscle

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27
Q

the chambers of the heart are lined with simple squamous epithelum called what

A

endocardium

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28
Q

the endocardium covers what

A

the valves of the heart

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29
Q

what is the most important phyiscal characteristic of the endocardium is that it is

A

very smooth and prevents abnormal clotting in the chambers of the heart

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30
Q

which pair of chambers have thicker walls

A

ventricles

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31
Q

the wall of the myocardium between the two atria is the

A

interatrial septum

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32
Q

the wall of the myocardium between the two ventricles is the

A

interventricular septum

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33
Q

which chamber of the heart has superior and inferior caval veins and returns blood from the body

A

right atrium

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34
Q

which chamber of the heart has pulmonary veins and returns blood from the lungs

A

left atrium

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35
Q

which chamber of the heart has pulmonary artery and takes blood to the lungs

A

right ventricle

36
Q

which chamber of the heart has a arota and takes blood to the body

A

left ventricle

37
Q

prevents back flow of the blood to the right atrium when the right ventricle cintracts

A

tricuspid valve

38
Q

between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

39
Q

between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

mitral valve

40
Q

prevents backflow of blood to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts

A

mitral valve

41
Q

at the junction of the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

42
Q

prevents backflow of blood to the right ventricle when the ventricle relaxes

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

43
Q

at the junction of the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

44
Q

prevents backflow of blood to the left ventricle when the ventricle relaxes

A

aortic semilunar valve

45
Q

the papillary muscles are columns of what that project into each what

A

myocardium / ventricle of the heart

46
Q

the chordae tendineae are strands of what kind of tissue

A

fibrous connective tissue

47
Q

where does the chordae tendineae extend from

A

the papillary muscles to the flaps of the av valvues

48
Q

the heart is what kind of pump

A

double

49
Q

the left side of the heart recieves blood from where

A

lungs and pumps it to the body

50
Q

the right side of the heart recieves blood from the what

A

body and pumps blpod back to the lungs

51
Q

what is the order of blood flow

A

left atrium left ventricle aorta body superior and inferior caval veins right artium right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary veins

52
Q

The purpose of the coronary vessels is to what

A

circulate bloid throughout the myocardium 💛

53
Q

the most important substance in the blood is

A

oxygen

54
Q

the right and left coronary arteries are branches of the

A

aorta

55
Q

the coronary sinus is formed by the union of cornonary veins and it returns blood from the myocardium to the

A

right atrium

56
Q

what will happen to a part of the heart muscle that is deprived of its bloos supply

A

heart muscle cells begin to die

57
Q

what is a possible cause that the heart muscle can be deprived of blood supply

A

blood clot

58
Q

the cardiac cycle is a term for the sequence of events in

A

one heartbeat

59
Q

the term systole

A

contraction

60
Q

the term diastole

A

relaxation

61
Q

the cardiac cycle normally creates how many heart sounds

A

2

62
Q

the first sound is caused by the closure of the

A

av values

63
Q

the second sound is is caused by the closure of the

A

semilunar valves

64
Q

an extra sound during in the cardiac cycle is called a

A

heart murmur

65
Q

must the heart recieve nerve impulses to cause contraction

A

no

66
Q

what do nerve impulses regulate

A

the rate of contaction

67
Q

name the parts of the conduction pathway that brings about ventricular systole

A

bundle of his bundle branches purkinje fibers

68
Q

irregular heartbeat

A

arrhythmia

69
Q

most serious arrythmia

A

fibrillation

70
Q

normal range of resting heart rate for a healthy adult

A

60-80 beats per minute

71
Q

vital sign that is a measure of heart rate

A

pulse

72
Q

name the parts of the conduction pathway that brings about atrial systole

A

sa node and av node

73
Q

cardiac centers and located in the

A

medulla of the brain

74
Q

what are the two cardiac centers called

A

accelerator and the inhibiting center

75
Q

sympathetic nerves to the heart transmits impulses that what (decrease or increase) heart rate

A

increase

76
Q

parasympathetic nerves to the heart are the what nerves and what do they do

A

vagus and decrease heart rate

77
Q

receptors that detect changes in blood pressure are called what and where are they located

A

pressoreceptors and are located in the cartoid sinus and aortic sinus

78
Q

receptors that detect changes in oxygen level of blood are called what and where are they located

A

chemoreceptors and are located in the carotid body and aortic body

79
Q

sensory nerve for the carotid sinus and body is the

A

glossopharyngeal

80
Q

sensory nerve for the aortic sinus and body is the

A

vagus

81
Q

the hormone that increases heart rate and force of contraction in stressful situations is

A

epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla

82
Q

natural pacemaker of the heart

A

sa node

83
Q

first branches of the ascending aorta

A

coronary arteries

84
Q

largest artery of the body

A

aorta

85
Q

narrowing of the valvue

A

stenosis

86
Q

chambers of the heart that recieve blood from veins

A

right and left atria

87
Q

chambers of the heart that recieve blood from veins

A

right and left atria

A&p The ❤ Heart (1 decks)

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