الشيت الأول نجاة

Question 1

Cleft lip and palate:

Definition:

Answer 1

These are congenital clefts of varying degrees, which may affect lip, alveolus or palate.

Question 2

Cleft lip and palate:

Etiology:

Answer 2

Multifactorial inheritance.

Question 3

Cleft lip and palate:

Pathogenesis:

Answer 3

• Clefts of the lip result from failure of fusion of maxillary process.
• Median clefts of the upper lip result from defective formation of the median nasal process.
• Clefts of the alveolus result from failure of fusion of the maxillary process with median nasal process.
• Cleft of palate result from failure of fusion of the two palatine processes.
• Clefts of the lower lip result from failure of fusion of the two mandibular process.

Question 4

Sub mucous cleft palate:

Definition:

Answer 4

Abnormality of attachment of the muscles of soft palate beneath an intact mucosa.

Question 5

Sub mucous cleft palate:

Clinically:

Answer 5

• Symptoms absent in 10% of cases.

Shape: visible as translucent area along midline of soft palate.

• On palpation notched posterior nasal spine.

Question 6

Oblique facial cleft:

Definition:

Answer 6

Developmental congenital cleft, which run from the inner canthus of the eye to the ala of the nose.

Question 7

Oblique facial cleft:

Cause:

Answer 7

Due to failure of fusion between the lateral nasal and the maxillary process

Question 8

Transverse facial cleft:

Definition:

Answer 8

Developmental Congenital cleft running from the angle of mouth to the ear.

Question 9

Transverse facial cleft:

Cause:

Answer 9

Due to failure of fusion between maxillary and mandibular processes.

Question 10

Macrostomia:

Answer 10

► Macrostomia means large mouth and is due to early arrest of fusion between maxillary and mandibular processes.

Question 11

Microstomia:

Answer 11

Microstomia means small mouth and is due to excessive fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes.

Question 12

Facial Hemihypertrophy (Hemifacial Hypertrophy):

Definition:

Answer 12

This is a congenital malformation in which one half of the face and jaw are enlarged.

Question 13

Facial Hemihypertrophy (Hemifacial Hypertrophy):

Etiology:

Answer 13

Unknown but several factors have been suggested such as vascular, neurogenic factors and hereditary.

Question 14

Facial Hemihypertrophy (Hemifacial Hypertrophy):

Clinically:

Answer 14

➤ Dentition on affected side present abnormally large teeth especially canines, premolars and first molars roots are abnormally large.

➤ Early shedding of the deciduous teeth and early eruption of permanent teeth on the affected side is reported in some cases.

➤ Enlarged tongue on the affected side with hypertrophyic fungiform papillae.

➤ Hyperpigmentation and Hypertrichosis of the affected side.

Question 15

Facial Hemihypoplasia (Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy, Romberg Syndrome)

Definition:

Answer 15

Developmental malformation in which there is characteristic loss of soft tissues below the skin usually on one side of the face, in some severe cases the underlying bone is also affected.

Question 16

Facial Hemihypoplasia (Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy, Romberg Syndrome)

Etiology:

Answer 16

• Peripheral nerve dysfunction
• trauma or infection of the growth centers
• genetic causes have been proposed.

Question 17

Facial Hemihypoplasia (Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy, Romberg Syndrome)

Clinically:

Answer 17

• Starts in 1st or 2nd decade of life.
• Left side more commonly affected.
• Affected side may be hyper pigmented.
• Hollowing of cheek and orbit.
• Jaw bones and roots of teeth on affected side my exhibit delayed development and retarded tooth eruption.
• Atrophy of tongue papillae of the affected side.

Question 18

Facial Hemihypoplasia (Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy, Romberg Syndrome)

Radiographically:

Answer 18

Deficient root development or root resorption.

Question 19

Facial Hemihypoplasia (Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy, Romberg Syndrome)

Prognosis:

Answer 19

The condition progresses slowly for a few years and remains stable thereafter.

Question 20

Agnathia:

Definition:

Answer 20

It means complete or partial absence of either jaw.

Question 21

Agnathia:

Importants:

Answer 21

• Very rare developmental defect.
• Unilateral or bilateral.
• In mandible: absence of ramus or condylar process.
• In maxilla: absence of maxillary process or tuberosity.

Question 22

Micrognathia:

Definition:

Answer 22

This means abnormally small jaw

Question 23

Micrognathia:

Types:

Answer 23

a. False (relative)

Due to disproportion between size of the jaw and size of the skull or teeth.

b. True

1- Congenital: hereditary.

2-Aquired due to trauma, irradiation or infection of condylar growth center.

Question 24

Macrognathia:

Definition:

Answer 24

This means abnormally large jaw

Question 25

Macrognathia:

Types:

Answer 25

a. False (relative)

Due to disproportion between size of the jaw and size of theskull or teeth.

b. True

1- Congenital hereditary
2-Aquired: acromegaly, tumors, infection or disease as Paget’s disease of bone.

Question 26

Torus palatinus:

Definition:

Answer 26

Hereditary condition in which there are multiple bony projection in the midline of the palate covered by thin mucosa.

Question 27

Torus palatinus:

Histologically:

Answer 27

They consist of compact bone or a core of cancellous bone covered by compact bone.

The overlying mucosa may be stretched

Question 28

Torus palatinus:

Clinical significance:

Answer 28

Interfere with denture stability

Question 29

Hamartomatous condition:

Answer 29

Developmental malformation appearing in tumor like condition due to presence of normal cells in normal site but in exaggerated amount

Question 30

Congenital lip pits and fistulae:

Definition:

Answer 30

Congenital lip Pits are epithelial lined pits or depressions found on the vermilion border of the lip.

Lip fistulae are epithelial lined tract connecting the vermilion border with the inside surface of the lip.

Question 31

Congenital lip pits and fistulae:

Etiology:

Answer 31

The disease is hereditary and transmitted as a dominant autosomal trait (AD)

Question 32

Congenital lip pits and fistulae:

Clinically:

Answer 32

• Usually affecting the lower lip.
• May be single or multiple.
• May be present near the median or near the oral commissures.
• Pressure may elicit a mucous secretion from the base of the pits due to the occasional opening of a minor salivary gland in the base of the pit.