Нервы Flashcards
What is a synapse?
The junction between two neurons where communication occurs
Includes components such as mitochondria, vesicles with biologically active substances, and synaptic cleft.
What is gray matter?
A collection of neuron cell bodies
It is primarily found in the brain and spinal cord.
What is white matter?
A collection of neuron axons
It facilitates communication between different brain regions.
What type of neuron is responsible for sensing stimuli?
Sensory neuron
It transmits nerve impulses to interneurons and has longer dendrites than axons.
What is the role of an interneuron?
Acts as a mediator between sensory and motor neurons
It processes information within the central nervous system.
What does a motor neuron do?
Conducts impulses from the brain/organs to muscles/organs
It is crucial for initiating movement.
What is the range of nerve impulse speeds?
From 0.5 to 120 m/s
The speed varies based on the type of neuron and myelination.
What are the two main parts of the central nervous system?
Spinal cord and brain
The central nervous system processes information and coordinates activity.
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
Nerves, nerve ganglia, and nerve endings
These structures are located outside the central nervous system.
What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
Conscious control of skeletal muscles
It enables voluntary movements.
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Unconscious control of internal organs
It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
What is a reflex?
A stereotypical reaction of the organism to external stimuli
Reflexes can be unconditional (inherited) or conditional (learned).
What are reflex arcs?
Neural pathways that mediate reflex actions
They can be simple (sensory and motor neurons) or complex (including interneurons).
What are the functions of the spinal cord?
Reflexive actions, conduction of impulses, regulation of internal organs
It connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system.
How many pairs of nerves are associated with the spinal cord?
31 pairs of nerves
Each pair emerges from the spinal cord and innervates specific body regions.
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Reflexive actions (coughing, sneezing) and conduction of impulses
It serves as a vital connection between the brain and spinal cord.
What does the pons do?
Conducts signals and controls facial expressions
It acts as a bridge between different parts of the nervous system.
What is the role of the midbrain?
Processing visual and auditory information
It contains structures like the colliculi for sensory processing.
What does the thalamus do?
Analyzes almost all types of sensory information
It also assesses the significance of information and is involved in pain perception.
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Regulates hunger and thirst, controls autonomic functions
It has anterior (parasympathetic) and posterior (sympathetic) nuclei.
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Body posture, muscle tone, and coordination of movements
It helps in fine-tuning motor activities.
What is the limbic system associated with?
Emotional evaluation of situations
It is involved in processing emotions like fear, rage, and pleasure.
