Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ICS EXAM 1 > ! > Flashcards

! Flashcards

1
Q

THEORY

A

Organized set of concepts, explanations, and principles of some aspect of human experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

GRAND THEORIES

A

Explains entire media system and their role in society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

NARROW FOCUSED THEORIES

A

Specific uses of effects of certain types of media.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A MASS COMMUNICATION THEORY

A

Better understands large scale social media use and explains / predictions to phenomena trying to mass communicate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CASUALTY

A

Science of cause and effect. Things influence other things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CASUAL RELATIONSHIP

A

If we can manipulate an independent variable and produce the same effect under the same condition every time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MARKETPLACE OF ATTENTION

A

The way large scale social media/ legacy media operates. They’re trying to gain and hold more attention of audience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FOUR REASONS DIFFICULT TO STUDY HUMAN BEHAVIOR

A
  1. Most of the significant/interesting human behaviors are difficult to measure.
  2. Human behavior is complex.
  3. Humans have goals and are self-reflective – we don’t always behave in response to what happened.
  4. The simple notation of causality is sometimes troubling when it’s applied to us.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FOUR TRENDS IN MEDIA THEORY

A
  1. The mass society and mass culture trend – increased popularity of mass media, innovative forms of propaganda, elites with a powerful tool.
  2. The media effects trend – studied using new science research methods, propaganda studied, media effects were limited.
  3. Critical cultural trend – questions about possible powers of media.
  4. Meaning making theory – quantitative, qualitative approaches, more advanced research methods.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

NATURAL VS SOCIAL SCIENCES

A

Social science is sometimes controversial as it suggests casual relationships between things in social world and people’s attitudes, beliefs, values.
In natural sciences causality is easier to see/measure as human behaviours are more complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MEDIATED COMMIINICATION

A

Between few or many people who uses technology as a medium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

INTERPERSONAL COMMIINICATION

A

Face2face communication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

NORMATIVE THEORY

A

How media system structures/operates to have a set of ideological/social values. Media must give voice to all, be open and be able to foster communities. They describe not reality but ideal way for a media system to be structured.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MASS SOCIETY THEORY

A

With industrialization, people have become more isolated. Focuses on negative role to media and influential social attributes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DETERMINISTIC ASSUMPTATIONS

A

Assumptions that media have powerful effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

EMPIRICAL CYCLE

A

Scientific research is structured by this cycle: Observation-Induction-Deduction-Testing-Evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

COMMUNICATION

A

Messages, creation of messages, interpretation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A COMMUNICATION MODEL

A

Sender -> message <- receiver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

FILTER BUBBLE

A

Communication universises in which we only hear and see only what we choose, comforts us and is in line with our persisting attitudes and beliefs. The idea that online personalisation tools and algorithms make people less open to different/opposing POVs by exposing them to only the news and info which they already agree/enjoy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SPHERE OF CONSENSUS

A

Thing on which everybody is thought to agree. “Journalists feel free to invoke a generalized “we” and tell general values or assumptions.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

SPHERE OF LEGITIMATE DEBATE

A

“Real, normal, everyday terrain”. Objective and balanced point on political debates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

SPHERE OF DEVIANCE

A

Unacceptable, radical. It marks out and defends the limits of acceptable political conduct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DISINTERMEDIATION

A

Delated step in supply chain of communication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PREHISTORY (three steps)

A
  1. The empirical turn – using experiments, surveys to understand working of news media.
  2. The sociological turn – focus on critical engagement of media like framing & storytelling.
  3. The international-comparative tool – increased globalisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CHALLENGES TO JOURNALISM

A
  • “Many still love the idea of journalism but not willing to pay for it.”
  • Journalistic labor.
  • More “ordinary people” engaged in making context, news.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

MODELLING CONTEMPORARY GATEKEEPING

A

The rise of individuals, algorithms, and platforms in digital news dissemination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

GATEKEEPERS

A

To be a gatekeeper means to exercise control over what info reaches society.
It was more associated with journalists, news agencies but in recent years it’s mostly done by platforms/algorithms.
Gatekeeping flow is changed, as now individuals take part in publishing news. Are still gatekeepers guarding the gates?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CENTRALISED VS DECENTRALISED GATEKEEPING

A

Centralized - Traditional notion of central authorities exercising control over information.
Decentralised – consists of microlevel interactions between individuals and are formed socially from user to user.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

4 GATEKEEPERS

A
  1. Journalists - centralized
  2. Individual amateurs - decentralized
  3. Strategic professionals - decentralized
  4. Algorithms -centralized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

SECONDARY GATEKEEPERS

A

When individual/organization selectively filter information after it passed through internal gatekeepers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

GATEWATCHING

A

Monitoring of gatekeepers and uncover hidden bias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

HIERARCHY OF INFLUENCES MODEL

A

describes the various factors that affect news content, organized on a continuum from a micro level to a macro level.
LOW - Individuals-routine practices-media organizations-social institutions-social systems – HIGH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

AGENDA SETTING, PROS/CONS

A

What to think about.
Process in which only few issues are prioritized when even more important ones are ignored.
* Strengths: explains how news media can have important effects, empirically demonstrates links between media exposure and perception on importance of public topics.
* Weakness: difficult to demonstrate that news media cause agenda-setting effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

CHAPEL HILL STUDY

A

The same as agenda-setting. strong correlation between what is in the media and what is in the public’s mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

AGENDA BUILDING

A

The process in which media, government, etc. influence each other. By that process some issues are becoming more important.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

INTERMEDIA AGENDA BUILDING

A

When online sites and legacy media shapes each other’s news coverage.

37
Q

AGENDA CHASING

A

News outlets’ use user’s internet behavior to determine their coverage.

38
Q

PRIMING

A

There is weight assigned to certain issues in news and that comes into consideration when making pollical decisions.

39
Q

FRAME

A

The way we think about.
Specific set of expectations used to make a sense of a social situation at given point of time.
Framing consists of three levels:
1. Government officials, executive brach officials
2. Policy experts
3. The press

40
Q

FRAME ANALYSIS + pro con

A

Developed to provide systematic account of how we develop and use expectations to make sense of everyday life/situations.
* Strengths: focus on individuals, flexible, open-minded.
* Weakness: casual explanations only possible when there’s narrow focus.

41
Q

DOWNSHIFTING /UPSHIFTING

A

When we move from one set of frames to other.
Downshifting - moving our set of frames if a scene gets dangerous.
Upshifting - When a scene gets less dangerous or a lot happier.

42
Q

SOCIAL CUES

A

Info in an environment that signals shift to change.

43
Q

HYPER RITUALIZED REPRESENTATIONS

A

Advertisements use social cues, like a sexy woman to appeal men, to get attention and using stereotypes in ad.

44
Q

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A
  1. Social/political context in which news-framing happens.
  2. How journalists develop frames.
  3. How readers apply frames to make sense of news.
  4. Long term consequences of news media frames.
45
Q

ISSUE-SPECIFIC FRAME

A

frames focused on specific events

46
Q

GENERIC FRAME

A

frames focusing on general topics or events

47
Q

EPISODIC FRAME

A

present an issue by offering a specific example or study.

48
Q

THEMATIC FRAME

A

places current issues in a broader context

49
Q

GAIN FRAME

A

focus on a desirable outcome – use sunscreen for healthy skin.

50
Q

LOSS FRAME

A

focus on a undesirable outcome – use sunscreen to avoid skin cancer.

51
Q

CASCADING ACTIVATION MODEL

A

How elite frames dominated journalism framing.

52
Q

POSTPOSITIVIST APPROACH ON FRAMING THEORY

A

Useful way to understand and predict media and specific frames’ effects.

53
Q

CRITICAL CULTURAL APPPOACH ON FRAMING THEORY

A

Reject narrow focus and has other negative attitudes.

54
Q

SENSATIONALISM, PROS,CONS

A

Uses content features and format features to attract the attitude of the audience. Usually used in market-driven journalism. Rise of it – increasing competition on the news market. Started with Penny press/ Yellow journalism.
* Drawbacks: pushes important and objective information away, Reduced news recall – they won’t remember the news later, distracts viewers’ attention, cognitive overload, Interesting > informative stories.
* Pros: can improve the cognitive processing of information in a story, because of significant and sensational features.

55
Q

EMBEDDED SENSATIONALISM

A

they talk about a no sensational topics ‘politics’ but they frame it in a way that is becomes sensational, like adding personal drama to gain more viewers. It’s more recent trend – traditional was content like sex, death, fire…

56
Q

LIMITED CAPACITY MODEL OF MEDIATED MESSAGE PROCESSING

A

Used to investigate the way in which mediated messages like TV content is processed.
Two major assumptions:
* Viewers are info processors.
* Viewers ability to process information is limited, as they have only limited pool of mental resources.

57
Q

VALIDITY OF SENSATIONALISM

A

Sensationalism can be measured by focusing on content and production news features.
* Construct validity – researchers investigate if their construct fits into theoretical framework, if yes, its valid.
* Social validity – what is judged as sensational by the public is also considered as sensational in academic cycle.

58
Q

TRENDS IN SENSATIONALISM

A
  • Increase in sensational stories in American newscasts, with a decrease in hard news.
  • EU also saw increase in sensationalism.
59
Q

MISINFORMATION

A

Initially presented as truth but later found to be false – not intended to harm.
Damaging effects: false beliefs with misinformation are often held with strong belief with it, it’s hard to correct in people’s mind.

60
Q

DISINFORMATION

A

Initially intended to hurt.

61
Q

SOURCES OF FAKE INFO

A

Rumors, myths, fiction, blogs social media, etc.

62
Q

AGNOTOLOGY

A

.Study of culturally produced ignorance and misinformation-driven manufactured doubt.

63
Q

TAXONOMY

A

Taxonomically organized misinformation allows deeper exploration of root causes.
Flaws into:
* Cognitive
* Motivational/social
By taxonomically organizing provided consequences of each myth, recommended responses.

64
Q

WHY PEOPLE DENY WELL SUPPOETED FACTS

A

Fake experts, cherry picking (ignoring significant position), conspiracy theories, unrealistic expectations, etc.

65
Q

BACKFIRE EFFECT

A

I believe in something and when someone proving the opposite, I’m sure I’m right.

66
Q

WHY PEOPLE BELIEVE MIS/DIS INFO

A
  • Continued influence and repeating the same.
  • To fill the knowledge gap.
  • When explanation is too complex and prefer to believe simple misinformation.
67
Q

CORRECTING METHODS

A
  • Warn people before about possible occurrence.
  • Repeated/strengthen real info.
  • Provide alternative explanations.
68
Q

REFUTIAL VS NONREFUTIAL LECTURES

A

Non-refutial – teach accurate information without making a reference to misconceptions.
Refutial – explain misconceptions, provide alternative definitions.

69
Q

DISTORTIAN BIAS

A
  • News about exceptional and extraordinary.
  • Event driven.
  • Episodic framing.
70
Q

NEGATIVITY BIAS

A
  • Negative events.
  • Negativity is more attractive.
  • Not highlighting positive news.
71
Q

MEDIA BIAS

A

Consequences:
* news avoidance
 intentional: news too negative, low trust, overload.
 unintentional: algorithm personalization, increasing media sources.
* distorted worldview.

72
Q

MALINFORMATION

A

Comes from the truth but often causes harm.

73
Q

SPIRAL OF SILENCE (3 assumptions about the public) PROS/CONS

A
  1. People have a sense that allows them to know what society in general is thinking and viewing
  2. People fear to be isolated
  3. People don’t want to express their minority views, they’ll be less likely to speak out because they don’t want to be isolated from the group
    * strengths: has explanatory power, is dynamic, raises important questions concerning the role and responsibility of news media.
    * Weaknesses: pessimistic view on media, Ignores other, simpler explanations of silencing.
74
Q

3 CHARACTERISTICS CAUSING SCARCITY OF PERSPECTIVE

A
  1. Ubiquity: everywhere in the world, the media is a source of information
  2. Cumulation: media repeat stories on different programs across time
  3. Consonance: the similar values held by journalists influences the content they all produce.
75
Q

BANDWAGON EFFECT

A

people follow a trend just because everyone else is doing is, jump on the bandwagon, they want to be successful just like the people on the bandwagon.

76
Q

COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY

A

People specifically seek out media messages that correlate with their views on a specific topic. And they avoid messages that challenge them.

77
Q

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

A

Information not consistent with person’ values and beliefs will create dissonance – psychological discomfort.

78
Q

SELECTIVE PROCESSES

A

The ways, people try to make information more consistent to them.

79
Q

SELECTIVE EXPOSURE / RETENTION / PERCEPTION

A
  • Selective exposure
    people want to be exposed to media that confirms their views about a topic and they want to avoid media that will give them dissonance
  • Selective retention
    people remember the information best when it is in line with their views about a topic. They maintain your interest and attention.
  • Selective perception
    the mental rewording of a media message so it’s in line with a person’s views about a topic. This way objective messages can become subjective.
80
Q

ATTITUDE-CHANGE THEORY PROS/CONS

A
  • Strengths: Pays deep attention to process in which messages can and can’t have effects, provides insight into influence of individual differences and group affiliations in shaping media influence, Attention to selective processes helps clarify how individuals process information.
  • Weaknesses: Experimental manipulation of variables overestimates their power and underestimates media’s, Uses attitude change as only measure of effects, ignoring reinforcement and more subtle forms of media influence.
81
Q

HOSTILE MEDIA EFFECT

A

partisans (people who have a strong view about a specific topic) view media coverage about their topic as against towards their view and friendly towards the other view. They remember the more negative comments about their topic better. They feel this way specifically about the media because they reach a larger audience. So when a journalist covers a topic, partisans suddenly feel they are treated bad.

82
Q

HOSTILE REPORTING

A

Critical/aggressive reporting.

83
Q

RETRIEVAL FAILURE

A

What piece of news was wrong/right?

84
Q

SELF-SELECTED PERSONALISATION

A

situations where people choose to encounter only like-minded opinions, Netflix askes your taste in movies and then provides content for it.

85
Q

PRE-SELECTED PERSONALIZATION

A

personalization driven by the internet, adverts, algorithms without the user’s deliberate choice or knowledge.

86
Q

HYPODERMIC NEEDLE THEORY / BULLET THEORY

A

The audience is passive and receives whatever media message is presented to them, a message that is intended at the user will always be received, and this message can also change that person’s opinion.

87
Q

REACTANCE

A

People don’t like to be told what to think

88
Q

AFFECTIVE POLARIZATION

A

you feel more negative about people of an opposing view and feel more positive about members of your own view (political party)

ICS EXAM 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions