Semester II Pathology

-Recall the normal anatomy of the heart -Recognise the important features- chambers, vessels, conduction system, microscopic features of cardiac muscle -Be able to define heart failure- the clinical syndrome -List the 5 underlying mechanisms of heart failure -In congestive heart failure, distinguish left from right-sided failure -Give common examples of pericardial disease.

-Review the normal microanatomy of the heart -Know the diseases of the myocardium (degeneration, necrosis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies) and discuss common examples in domestic species. -Recall the disease of the valvular endocardium -Distinguish endocarditis from endocardiosis

-Describe mural endocarditis and give common examples in domestic species. -Define conduction disorder/arrhythmia. -Know 3 important inherited arrhythmias in dogs. -Explain heart blocks- first, second and third degree. -Distinguish inherited from congenital, familial and acquired disorders. -Know important differences between foetal and adult circulation -Give good examples of each of the 3 important groups of commonly occurring congenital defects in the domestic species- persistent f

-Know the structure of the vessels in the arterial and venous systems -Know the factors controlling fluid balance -Explain the following as they relate to blood vessels- torsion, rupture, aneurysms, vascular thickening, vasculitis, thrombosis, and give examples using common diseases in domestic animals. -Illustrate Virchow's Triad, giving examples of disease where it is important in domestic species. -Vena caval syndrome- describe underlying processes and implications for the affected ani

-Review basic renal anatomy and physiology- species differences, structure and function -Renal failure -Portals of entry for disease -Defence mechanisms -Renal diseases/lesions- locations, species differences, pathogenesis, entry, matching gross and histological lesions to find likely aetiology. -Lower urinary tract.

Lesions of the kidney continued: Tubulointerstitial Pelvis/ascending End stage kidney (everywhere) Any location.

-Know basic liver anatomy and function- relate to patterns of disease and response to injury. -List the important liver defences -Know the portals of entry for disease and give common examples of each -Describe the main patterns of disease seen -Explain how the liver responds to disease -Describe cirrhosis (end stage liver) and suggest possible causes.

-Know enzymes used to assess liver DISEASE -Be able to describe their use in different species, and their limitations -Know the parameters used to assess liver FUNCTION -Know and understand the variety of signs which may accompany liver dysfunction.

-Normal haemostasis -Disorders of primary haemostasis- causes of thrombocytopaenia and thrombocytosis -Disorders of secondary haemostasis- acquired and hereditary -Disorders of tertiary haemostasis- DIC, associated conditions and pathophysiology.

Definitions Background information Pathophysiology Clinical example

-Definition of endocrine -Main endocrine organs and central role of the hypothalamus/pituitary axis. -Hypofunction of pituitary and adrenal cortex- causes and consequences. -Hyperfunction of pituitary- causes and consequences.

-Adrenal cortical and medullary hyperfunction - causes and consequences -Thyroid and parathyroid hypofunction- causes and consequences -Thyroid hyperfunction- causes and consequences.

-Parathyroid hyperfunction- causes and consequences -Pancreatic islet hyperfunction- causes and consequences -Gonad hyperfunction- causes and consequences -Pancreatic islet hypofunction- causes and consequences -Gonad hypofunction- causes and consequences

-Classification of body cavity effusions -Special types of body cavity effusion -Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -Synovial fluid

-Know risk factors associated with nutritional disorders (signalment, underlying disease etc) -List and recognise pathological lesions associated with starvation -Discuss pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and ketosis -Explain effects of key vitamin/mineral imbalances in domestic and exotic species- vitamin A, B1 (thiamine), C, D, E/selenium, perhaps with an emphasis on thiamine and vitamin E/selenium- good comparative pathology. -Explain different manifestations of metabolic bone disease-

-Outline structure and function of the skin and the importance of dermatology in veterinary medicine. -Explain the concept of patterns of skin disease in relation to epidemiology, clinical presentation, histopathology. -Give examples of how breed, sex, geographical location, and time of year may influence the incidence and prevalence of skin disease. -Explain, with examples, how macroscopic pathology of skin lesions may provide a clue to pathogenesis or aetiology. -Explain, with examples

SKIN DEFENCES AND RESPONSES TO INJURY. -Explain the importance of the skin and it's role in host defence -Describe the structure and function of the skin barrier -List components of innate and adaptive immunity as they apply to the skin and provide examples of their role in host responses- eg. the skin microbiome, antimicrobial peptides, keratinocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, Th1, Th2 lymphocytes. -Explain the concept of skin immunosurveillance and outline the importance of cell inter

-Explain, using appropriate terminology, the processes of inflammation and how they affect the skin. -List the cardinal signs of inflammation and the macroscopic and microscopic lesions of acute and chronic dermatitis. -Outline the pathogenesis of irritant contact dermatitis with reference to the cell types involved. -Discuss, using examples, the analysis of histological patterns in the diagnosis of skin disease. -Describe the effects of solar radiation on the skin -Explain the process

IMMUNE MEDIATED DISORDERS. -Outline how host defences may result in tissue damage and explain the role of Th1 and Th2 cells. -Define hypersensitivity and detail the key features of the four main types. -Define anaphylaxis and outline how it can occur. -Explain, with examples, the process of Type 1 hypersensitivity and describe the main features of insect bite hypersensitivity in animals. -Explain the current understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and describe the m

AUTOIMMUNE SKIN DISEASE. -Explain how host defences can result in tissue damage -Define autoimmunity and explain the concept of self-tolerance -Outline the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance and ways in which they may fail -Give a brief explanation of ways in which exposure of self-antigens lead to autoimmune disease. -Explain the role of T helper subsets in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. -Outline the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus eryt

THE SKIN IN SYSTEMIC DISEASE. -Name the types of systemic disease that may affect the skin. -Outline various ways in which nutritional disturbances may affect the skin -Describe the various syndromes in which zinc deficiency is considered to play a role and briefly explain the mechanisms thought to be involved. -Define the terms anagen, catagen, telogen, effluvium. -Give an account of endocrine related alopecia, including specific examples in dogs and cats. -Briefly describe other ca

-Know normal structure, function and defence mechanisms of the GI tract -Know some of the different processes which result in GI disease -Recall the pathogenesis, gross appearance and diagnostic tests for some of the most important/interesting GI diseases. -Recall the mechanisms and virulence factors of pathogens which contribute to the most important diseases.