Pulmonary system

– Describe the neural mechanisms that establish the respiratory rhythm – Distinguish between the respiratory centers that establish the rhythm and those that regulate the rhythm – Explain the role of peripheral & central chemoreceptors in the control of ventilation – Delineate the ventilatory responses to hypoxemia & hypercapnia

1. Distinguish between the following terms: minute, alveolar, and dead space ventilation; and anatomic, alveolar and physiologic dead space 2. Specify the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli, mixed venous and arterial blood in normal individuals 3. Using the alveolar ventilation equation, discuss the factors that determine the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli and define the terms hyperventilation and hypventilaton 4. Name the factors that affect diffusive transport of a gas f

1. Distinguish between the following terms: minute, alveolar and dead space ventilation; and anatomic, alveolar and physiologic dead space. 2. Specify the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli, mixed venous and arterial blood in normal individuals. 3. Using the alveolar ventilation equation, discuss the factors that determine the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli and define the terms hyperventilation and hypoventilation. 4. Name the factors

1. List the major drug classes used in management of asthma/COPD 2. Describe the mechanisms of action of drug classes used in asthma/COPD 3. Describe the major side effects and safety issues associated with these agents 4. Describe their pharmacokinetic issues particularly their modes of delivery

1. Define and distinguish between hypoxia and hypoxemia 2. Be able to calculate the A-a gradient, define its normal range and describe its significance in distinguishing between the common causes of hypoxemia 3. Describe the clinically important causes of arterial hypoxemia

1. Describe the pharmacology of nicotine 2. Describe the various forms of nicotine replacement therapies 3. Describe the mechanisms of action of drugs used as smoking cessation therapies as well as their side effects and any safety issues associated with their use 4. Compare the efficacy and tolerability of all agents used in smoking cessation.