EXAM 2: Pathophysiology

Compare and contrast the etiologies, pathophysiology, and manifestations of diabetes (Types 1 & 2; gestational). Differentiate among common acute complications of diabetes: diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, and hypoglycemia. Explain chronic complications of diabetes mellitus.

Explain the mechanisms of endocrine control, including hyper-function, hypofunction, positive and negative feedback systems and hypothalamic-pituitary control of hormone levels. Distinguish causes and manifestations of anterior pituitary disorders, growth hormone disorders, thyroid function disorders and adrenal cortical hormone disorders. Identify pituitary disorders, growth hormone disorders, thyroid function disorders, and adrenal cortical hormone disorders based on provided patient scenarios

Explain the cardiac conduction pathways of the heart (SA & AV nodes, Bundle of His, & Purkinje Fibers). Describe action potential and refractory periods. Identify the various components on the electrocardiogram (P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave). Discuss the differences among atrial and ventricular conduction disorders related to rate and rhythm. Compare first, second degree (Wenckebach and Mobitz) and third-degree heart blocks.

Summarize the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of cardiomyopathies. Distinguish selected cardiac inflammatory disorders of pericarditis, endocarditis, rheumatic fever, and Kawasaki disease in relation to etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations. Differentiate between valvular structural abnormalities of aortic and mitral stenosis and regurgitation. Compare and contrast baseline cardiac function and abnormalities found with cardiac function in the presence of congenital h

Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of disorders of arterial circulation, including dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, aneurysms, vasculitis and arterial disease of the extremities. Explain the mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. Summarize the pathophysiology, etiology and manifestations of hypertension. Differentiate between varicose veins, venous insufficiency, and venous thrombosis.

Discuss the causes and manifestations of coronary artery disease. Differentiate between coronary artery disease, stable angina, and the stages of acute coronary syndrome. Discuss causes and manifestations of heart failure. Discuss the phases and manifestations of cardiogenic shock.

Compare and contrast etiologies, pathophysiology, and manifestations of various respiratory infections/diseases (influenza, pneumonias, tuberculosis, & lung cancer). Describe differences in respiratory illness in small children (laryngeotracheobronchitis, epiglottitis, & bronchiolitis). Differentiate between disorders of lung inflation (pleural effusion, pleural abnormalities, pneumothorax, & atelectasis).