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AP® Biology flashcards

AQA A-Level Biology

This class was created by Brainscape user Michaela Rabano. Visit their profile to learn more about the creator.

By: Michaela Rabano
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Decks in this class (117)

Practical & Maths Skills: Getting Good Results
Good results should be,
What are reliable results,
What are repeatable results
12  cards
Practical & Maths Skills: Statistical Tests
What are statistical tests,
What kind of hypothesis do we hav...,
How are null hypothesises proved ...
13  cards
Biological Molecules: Monomers & Polymers
Monomers,
Polymers,
Condensation reaction
5  cards
Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates,
Monosaccharide,
Glycosidic bond
12  cards
Biological Molecules: Polysaccharides
Starch monomers polymers,
Starch function,
Starch specialisation
8  cards
Biological Molecules: Lipids
What are lipids made from,
Are lipids polymers,
Are lipids soluble in water
16  cards
Biological Molecules: Lipids - Triglycerides
0  cards
Biological Molecules: Triglycerides
Triglycerides formation,
Saturated triglycerides,
Unsaturated triglycerides
6  cards
Biological Molecules: Phospholipids
Phospholipids formation,
Phospholipid properties,
Phospholipid function
3  cards
Biological Molecules: Proteins
What are proteins made of,
Primary structure,
Secondary structure
9  cards
Biological Molecules: Enzymes
Enzymes as catalysts,
Enzyme substrates intro,
Enzyme properties
11  cards
Biological Molecules: Nucleic Acids - Structure of DNA & RNA
Role of dna rna,
Nucleotide structure,
Polynucleotide structure
11  cards
Biological Molecules: Nucleic Acids - DNA Replication
Why does dna replicate,
Process of dna replication,
The action of dna polymerase
8  cards
Biological Molecules: ATP
Atp structure function,
Atp hydrolysis,
Atp hydrolysis coupling
10  cards
Biological Molecules: Water
Importance of water,
Chemical structure of water,
The polar nature of water
9  cards
Biological Molecules: Inorganic Ions
What are inorganic ions,
Where are inorganic ions found,
Role of hydrogen ions
6  cards
Cells: Structure of Eukaryotic Cells - Structure & Function
Cell surface membrane,
Nucleus,
Mitochondrion
13  cards
Cells: Structure of Eukaryotic Cells - Structure of Organelles
What is the structure of the cell...,
What is the structure of the nucleus,
What is the structure of the mito...
13  cards
Cells: Structure of Eukaryotic Cells - Functions of Organelles
What is the function of the cell ...,
What is the function of the nucleus,
What is the function of the mitoc...
13  cards
Cells: Structure & Replication of Prokaryotic Cells
Differences between eukaryotic pr...,
Plasmids,
What is a slime capsule
6  cards
Cells: Structure & Replication of Viruses
Are viruses cells and are they alive,
How do viruses differ from bacteria,
Describe how viruses replicate
3  cards
Cells: Magnification & Resolution of Microscopes
What is magnification,
Calculating magnification,
What is resolution
11  cards
Cells: Cell Fractionation
What is the purpose of cell fract...,
Process of cell fractionation,
Process of cell fractionation hom...
6  cards
Cells: The Cell Cycle
Can all cells divide,
Different stages of the cell cycle,
G1
6  cards
Cells: Mitosis
Structure of chromosomes in mitosis,
Stages of mitosis,
Prophase
12  cards
Cells: Mitosis - Cancer
Genes responsible for cell cycle ...,
Cancer treatments,
Cancer treatments chemotherapy
4  cards
Cells: Mitosis - Preparing a Root Tip Cell Squash
Preparing a root tip cell squash,
Why do we use the tip from a grow...,
Why do we use stain
7  cards
Cells: Cell Membranes
Describe the similarity of struct...,
Function of cell membranes,
Overview of cell membrane structure
11  cards
Cells: Transport Across Membranes - Diffusion
Process of diffusion,
Factors affecting the rate of dif...,
What is the purpose of facilitate...
8  cards
Cells: Transport Across Membranes - Osmosis
What is osmosis,
What is water potential,
What symbol represents water pote...
15  cards
Cells: Investigating Water Potential Practical
What is the aim of this experiment,
What is a serial dilution,
How do you make serial dilutions
6  cards
Cells: Transport Across Membranes - Active Transport
What is active transport,
What types of molecules are invol...,
What do carrier proteins do
7  cards
Cells: Investigating Cell Membrane Permeability Practical
What is the aim of this practical,
Describe how to carry out this pr...
2  cards
Cells: Cell Recognition & the Immune System - Antigens
What are antigens,
Which types of antigens produce a...,
What are pathogens
7  cards
Cells: Cell Recognition & the Immune System - Phagocytosis
What is phagocytosis,
What is a phagocyte,
Describe the process of phagocytosis
5  cards
Cells: Cell Recognition & the Immune System - Lymphocytes
What are lymphocytes,
What do t cells do,
What are the different types of s...
13  cards
Cells: Cell Recognition & the Immune System - HIV
What is hiv,
What is aids,
Describe the structure of hiv
10  cards
Cells: Cell Recognition & the Immune System - Vaccines
What are the two types of immunity,
What are the two sub types of imm...,
What is active immunity
8  cards
Cells: Cell Recognition & the Immune System - Antigenic Variation
What is antigenic variation,
How does this affect the secondar...,
How does antigenic variation affe...
3  cards
Cells: Cell Recognition & the Immune System - Monoclonal Antibodies
What are monoclonal antibodies,
How are monoclonal antibodies use...,
Explain why monoclonal antibodies...
5  cards
Cells: Cell Recognition & the Immune System - ELISA Tests
What is an elisa test,
What can an elisa test be used for,
How do elisa tests work
5  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Surface Area to Volume Ratio
What is the relationship between ...,
How do you calculate the surface ...,
How do you calculate the surface ...
9  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Gas Exchange - Plants
Which gases do plants need and wh...,
What is the main gas exchange sur...,
What are mesophyll cells
9  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Gas Exchange - Insects
Why cant insects use their bodies...,
Name and describe the three main ...,
Explain the process of gas exchan...
5  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Gas Exchange - Fish
Why cant fish use their bodies as...,
Describe the structure of a fishs...,
How are gills adapted to increase...
6  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Gas Exchange - Humans (Structure)
List the features of the human ga...,
Describe how the different struct...,
Describe the structure and functi...
14  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Gas Exchange - Humans (Ventilation)
Define ventilation,
What structures are involved in v...,
What is the thorax
6  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Gas Exchange - Humans (Alveoli)
Describe movement of oxygen and c...,
Describe gas exchange in the alveoli,
Describe how alveoli are adapted ...
4  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Gas Exchange - Humans (Lung Disease)
What is tidal volume,
What is ventilation rate,
What is forced expiratory volume1...
16  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Digestion & Absorption - Digestion
What happens during digestion,
Which enzymes are involved in car...,
What are membrane bound disacchar...
9  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Digestion & Absorption - Absorption
What are bile salts,
Describe how bile salts emulsify ...,
What do bile salts do once lipids...
8  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals: Circulatory System
Which vessel carries blood from t...,
Which vessel carries blood from t...,
Which vessel carries blood from t...
13  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals - Circulatory System - Structure of Blood Vessels
List structural features of arteries,
Why do arteries have thick muscul...,
Why do arteries have thick elasti...
16  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals - Structure of the Heart
What are the two chambers of the ...,
Which side of the heart carries d...,
Name the arteries and veins of th...
11  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals - Cardiac Cycle
Define the term systole,
Define the term diastole,
How does blood move along a press...
6  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals - Control of the Heart Beat
Define the term myogenic,
What is the role of the sinoatria...,
What is the role of the non condu...
5  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals - Human Haemoglobin
What is the role of haemoglobin,
Describe the structure of haemogl...,
Describe the reaction between hae...
15  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals - Other Types of Haemoglobin
What factors may affect the type ...,
What is haemoglobin like for orga...,
What is haemoglobin like for acti...
6  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals - Tissue Fluid
What is tissue fluid,
What is hydrostatic pressure,
How is tissue fluid formed
9  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals - Cardiovascular Disease
What is cardiovascular disease,
What is coronary heart disease,
What is an atheroma
14  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Animals - Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
What is a risk factor,
What are some common risk factors...,
Why is high blood pressure a risk...
7  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Plants - Xylem
What do xylem tissue transport,
Describe the structure of the xylem,
Describe the structure of xylem t...
12  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Plants - Transpiration
What is transpiration,
What factors affect transpiration...,
How does light intensity affect t...
9  cards
Organisms Exchange Substances with their Environment: Mass Transport in Plants - Phloem
What do phloem transport,
Describe the structure of phloem,
What is translocation
12  cards
Genetics: DNA, Genes & Chromosomes - DNA
What is the role of dna,
What are the components of a dna ...,
Describe the general structure of...
19  cards
Genetics: DNA & Protein Synthesis - RNA & Genome
What is the genome,
What is the preteome,
What are the three types of rna
14  cards
Genetics: DNA & Protein Synthesis - Transcription
What is transcription,
Where does transcription occur in...,
What are the main steps of transc...
8  cards
Genetics: DNA & Protein Synthesis - Translation
What is translation,
Compare the process of translatio...,
Describe the process of translation
4  cards
Genetics: Genetic Diversity - Mutations
What is a gene mutation,
What type of errors can occur due...,
What is substitution
10  cards
Genetics: Genetic Diversity - Meiosis
Does meiosis produce genetically ...,
How many daughter cells are produ...,
How many chromosomes do cells pro...
23  cards
Genetics: Genetic Diversity - Diploid Cells, Gametes & Fertilisation
What are diploid body cells,
What are haploid body cells,
What is a homologous pair of chro...
4  cards
Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships Between Organisms: Genetic Diversity & Adaptations - Genetic Diversity
What is genetic diversity,
Define the term gene pool,
Define the term population
14  cards
Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships Between Organisms: Genetic Diversity & Adaptations - Natural Selection
What is natural selection,
How can genetic mutations lead to...,
What process does natural selecti...
12  cards
Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships Between Organisms: Biodiversity Within a Community
Define the term biodiversity,
Define the term community,
Define the term species diversity
7  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Photosynthesis - Light-Dependent Reactions
Where does the light dependent re...,
Give a brief overview of the ligh...,
How is the energy released from t...
13  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Photosynthesis - Light-Independent Reactions
What is the light independent rea...,
Where does the light independent ...,
What are the products of the calv...
10  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Photosynthesis - Required Practical 7, Chromatography
What is chromatography,
What components will separate if ...,
What are the factors affecting th...
13  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Respiration - Glycolysis
What does aerobic and anaerobic r...,
What is the first stage of both a...,
Where does glycolysis occur
14  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Aerobic Respiration - Link Reaction
Where does the link reaction occur,
What is the link reaction,
Describe each step of the link re...
9  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Aerobic Respiration - Krebs Cycle
What is the krebs cycle,
Where does the krebs cycle occur,
How often does the krebs cycle oc...
17  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Aerobic Respiration - Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is oxidative phosphorylation,
Where does oxidative phosphorylat...,
What is chemiosmosis
10  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Energy and Ecosystems - Ecosystem Basics
What is an ecosystem,
What is a producer,
How do plants produce their own food
9  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Energy and Ecosystems - Measuring Biomass
Define the term biomass,
How can biomass be measured,
What is dry mass
29  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Nutrient Cycles - Role of Microorganisms
What are saprobionts,
How do saprobionts digest food,
What term is used to describe the...
11  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Nutrient Cycles - Phosphorus Cycle
Why do organisms need phosphorus,
Where does phosphorus originate from,
Draw the entire phosphorus cycle
9  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Nutrient Cycles - Nitrogen Cycle
Why do organisms need nitrogen,
What are the four main processes ...,
Draw the nitrogen cycle
18  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Photosynthesis - Required Practical 8, Effect of Light Intensity on Dehydrogenase Activity
Which type of photosynthesis ligh...,
What is the role of dehydrogenase...,
What is the purpose of dcpip in t...
10  cards
Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms: Respiration - Required Practical 9, Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Respiration in Yeast
0  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Stimuli, Both Internal and External, are Detected and Lead to a Response - Survival and Response (Kineses and Taxes)
How do organisms increase their c...,
Define the term stimulus,
Which simple responses help a mob...
5  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Stimuli, Both Internal and External, are Detected and Lead to a Response - Survival and Response in Plants
Define the term tropism,
Describe the direction of plant g...,
Describe the direction of plant g...
24  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Stimuli, Both Internal and External, are Detected and Lead to a Response - Survival and Response, Reflexes
What are receptors,
What are effectors,
What are neurones
12  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Stimuli, Both Internal and External, are Detected and Lead to a Response - Control of Heart Rate
What is the centre responsible fo...,
Where is the cardioregulatory cen...,
What are the two discrete parts o...
27  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments - Receptors, Pacinian Corpuscle
What type of receptors are pacini...,
Where are pacinian corpuscles found,
Do receptors respond to a variety...
8  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments - Receptors, Retina
Where are photoreceptors found,
What type of stimuli do photorece...,
Which part of the eye does light ...
29  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Nervous Coordination - Nerve Impulses, Structure of a Motor Neurone
What is a motor neurone,
List the different structural fea...,
Draw the structure of a myelinate...
10  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Nervous Coordination - Nerve Impulses, Passage of Action Potentials
What causes waves of depolarisation,
Why does the wave of depolarisati...,
How do action potentials pass alo...
5  cards
Organisms Respond to their Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Nervous Coordination - Nerve Impulses, Speed of Conductance
What factors affect the speed of ...,
How does temperature affect the s...,
How does axon diameter affect the...
6  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Nervous Coordination - Synaptic Transmission, Structure of Synapse & Neuromuscular Junction
Define the term synapse,
Define the term neuromuscular jun...,
List the different structural fea...
10  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Nervous Coordination - Synaptic Transmission
List the main stages involved in ...,
Describe what happens during the ...,
Describe what happens during the ...
16  cards
Organisms Respond to their Internal and External Environments: Homeostasis - Control of Blood Glucose Concentration, Insulin & Glucagon
What factors can increase blood g...,
What factors can decrease blood g...,
What hormones control blood gluco...
35  cards
Organisms Respond to their Internal and External Environments: Homeostasis - Control of Blood Glucose Concentration, Adrenaline
Does adrenaline lower or raise bl...,
What organs secrete adrenaline,
Where are adrenal glands located
14  cards
Organisms Respond to their Internal and External Environments: Homeostasis - Control of Blood Water Potential, Ultrafiltration & Selective Reabsorption
Define the term osmoregulation,
What are the four main steps by w...,
What happens during ultrafiltration
17  cards
Organisms Respond to their Internal and External Environments: Homeostasis - Control of Blood Water Potential, ADH, DCT & Collecting Duct
Define the term osmoregulation,
What cells monitor the water pote...,
Where are osmoreceptors located
13  cards
Organisms Respond to their Internal and External Environments: Homeostasis - Control of Blood Water Potential, Loops of Henle, DCT & Collecting Tube
Where is the loop of henle located,
What are the two parts of the loo...,
What are the roles of the descend...
10  cards
Genetics, Populations, Evolution and Ecosystems: Inheritance - Linkage
What are the two ways in which ge...,
What is sex linkage,
Why are most genes called
6  cards
Genetics, Populations, Evolution and Ecosystems: Evolution May Lead to Speciation - Variation & Speciation
What factors affect variation in ...,
Define genetic variation,
What is the primary cause of gene...
7  cards
Genetics, Populations, Evolution and Ecosystems: Populations -
Define species,
Define population,
Define gene pool
6  cards
The Control of Gene Expression: Gene Expression is Controlled by a Number of Features - Most of a Cell's DNA is Not Translated
What are stem cells,
What are the different types of s...,
Totipotent cells
16  cards
The Control of Gene Expression: Gene Expression is Controlled by a Number of Features - Regulation of Transcription and Translation - Controlling Transcription & Oestrogen
What is transcription,
How is transcription triggered,
What is a promotor
14  cards
The Control of Gene Expression: Gene Expression is Controlled by a Number of Features - Regulation of Transcription and Translation, Epigenetics
What does epigenetics control in ...,
How does epigenetic control work,
What causes epigenetic control
13  cards
The Control of Gene Expression: Gene Expression is Controlled by a Number of Features - Regulation of Transcription and Translation - RNAi
What effect does rnai have on gen...,
When does rnai occur,
What type of rna are involved in ...
7  cards
The Control of Gene Expression: Gene Expression is Controlled by a Number of Features - Gene Expression and Cancer
What is cancer,
What is a tumour,
Cancer can lead tot the formation...
19  cards
The Control of Gene Expression: Gene Technologies - Recombinant DNA Technology
What is recombinant dna technology,
Why does recombinant dna technolo...,
What is a transgenic organism
11  cards
The Control of Gene Expression: Using Genome Projects
What is a genome,
What are the uses of determining ...,
What is a proteome
5  cards
The Control of Gene Expression: Gene Technologies - Genetic Fingerprinting
What is genetic fingerprinting,
Does all of an organism s genome ...,
Why can vntrs be used in genetic ...
11  cards
Organisms Respond to Changes in their Internal and External Environments: Nervous Coordination - Nerve Impulses, Generating Action Potentials
Define the term action potential,
List the main stages of generatin...,
What happens during the stimulus ...
18  cards
Control of Gene Expression: Recombinant DNA Technology - Amplifying DNA Fragments
Which techniques are used to ampl...,
What is in vivo cloning,
What is in vitro cloning
18  cards

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AQA A-Level Biology

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