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Decks in this class (252)
An Introduction to Chemistry (1.1.1)
To understand chemistry it helps ...,
Organic molecules behave the same...,
Chemistry aids in understanding t...
3
cards
The Scientific Method (1.1.2)
The scientific method involves ma...,
Scientific laws hypotheses and th...,
Using the scientific method scien...
3
cards
States of Matter (1.2.1)
Matter can be categorized in thre...,
Mixtures are made of more than on...,
All pure substances are either el...
3
cards
A Word About Laboratory Safety (1.2.2)
This episode briefly covered labo...
1
cards
CIA Demonstration: Differences in Density Due to Temperature (1.2.3)
Density is mass divided by volume,
Hot water molecules move more rap...
2
cards
Properties of Matter (1.2.4)
Properties of matter can be divid...,
Density is an intensive property ...,
Physical changes do not alter the...
3
cards
The Measurement of Matter (1.3.1)
A measurement is meaningless unle...,
The system international d unites...,
Some si units are based on amount...
3
cards
Precision and Accuracy (1.3.2)
Any measurement will have a degre...,
Precision is the reproducibility ...,
Accuracy is how close a measureme...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: Precision and Accuracy with Glassware (1.3.3)
There are many types of glassware...,
Precision is the ability to repro...,
A pipet is more precise because o...
3
cards
Significant Figures (1.3.4)
The amount of uncertainty in a me...,
There are rules that indicate whi...,
The number of significant figures...
4
cards
Dimensional Analysis (1.3.5)
A conversion factor is always a f...,
Multiple conversion factors are s...,
Temperature conversions are simpl...
3
cards
Scientific (Exponential) Notation (1.4.1)
Scientific notation is an efficie...,
To add numbers in scientific nota...,
To multiply or divide numbers in ...
4
cards
Common Mathematical Functions (1.4.2)
The equation for a line and the q...,
Logarithms are useful for collaps...
2
cards
Early Discoveries and the Atom (2.1.1)
The greek philosopher democritus ...,
Dalton published his atomic theor...,
Atoms consist of protons neutrons...
3
cards
Understanding Electrons (2.1.2)
Robert millikan determined the ch...,
Today the charge of an electron i...
2
cards
Understanding the Nucleus (2.1.3)
Radioactivity provided scientists...,
Ernest rutherford discovered the ...,
James chadwick used a beam of par...
4
cards
Mass Spectrometry: Determining Atomic Masses (2.2.1)
Mass spectrometry can be used to ...,
Mass spectrometry data shows the ...
2
cards
Examining Atomic Structure (2.2.2)
Isotopes of an element have the s...,
The atomic mass unit amu is a con...,
The relative atomic mass expresse...
4
cards
CIA Demonstration: Flame Colors (2.2.3)
Fireworks work by a three step pr...
1
cards
Creating the Periodic Table (2.3.1)
Mendeleev organized the known ele...,
The discovery of argon posed new ...,
Arranging the elements on the per...
3
cards
Describing Chemical Formulas (2.4.1)
Atoms molecules ions ionic compou...,
Chemical formulas are a chemical ...,
Chemical formulas can be represen...
3
cards
Naming Chemical Compounds (2.4.2)
Ionic compounds are named using r...,
Most molecules non ionic compound...,
Bases are named as if they were i...
3
cards
Organic Nomenclature (2.4.3)
For organic molecules a prefix is...,
Alkanes end in ane alkenes end in...,
Alcohols organic molecules with o...
3
cards
An Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Equations (3.1.1)
Starting materials reactants fini...,
What do all reactions obey,
Reactant atoms are balanced with ...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: Magnesium and Dry Ice (3.1.2)
Magnesium readily combines with o...,
The balanced chemical equation fo...
2
cards
Balancing Chemical Equations (3.1.3)
In balancing a chemical equation ...,
In a balanced chemical equation a...
2
cards
The Mole and Avogadro's Number (3.2.1)
The mole is a unit of measure tha...,
Avogadro s number helps to connec...
2
cards
Introducing Conversions of Masses, Moles, and Number of Particles (3.2.2)
What does the molar mass of a sub...,
What can the molar mass of a subs...
2
cards
Finding Empirical and Molecular Formulas (3.3.1)
What is analysis by mass used for,
What is the empirical formula,
What is the molecular formula
3
cards
Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations (3.3.2)
What do balanced chemical equatio...,
Molar ratios from balanced chemic...
2
cards
Finding Limiting Reagents (3.3.3)
When two or more reagents are com...,
Determining how much product can ...
2
cards
CIA Demonstration: Self-Inflating Hydrogen Balloons (3.3.4)
The chemical reaction of magnesiu...,
The sizes of the four balloons re...
2
cards
Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield (3.3.5)
Theoretical yield is the maximum ...,
Percent yield is the actual yield...
2
cards
A Problem Using the Combined Concepts of Stoichiometry (3.3.6)
Several tools can be brought toge...
1
cards
Calculating Mass Percent (3.3.7)
The percentage of a given compone...,
The sum of the mass percentages o...,
Mass percent can be used to deter...
3
cards
Properties of Solutions (4.1.1)
What is a solution composed of,
What makes many solutions transpa...,
What are solutes that separate in...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Electric Pickle (4.1.2)
What do pickles contain that allo...,
What causes a pickle to glow oran...
2
cards
Concentrations of Solutions (4.1.3)
The concentration of a solution i...,
Knowing the concentration of a so...,
Several different concentration u...
3
cards
Factors Determining Solubility (4.1.4)
Polar solutes dissolve in polar s...,
Nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonp...
2
cards
Precipitation Reactions (4.2.1)
A precipitation reaction occurs w...,
A solubility table helps in predi...
2
cards
Acid-Base Reactions (4.2.2)
Arrhenius acids increase h concen...,
Arrhenius bases increase oh conce...,
A lewis acid or base does not hav...
4
cards
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (4.2.3)
In an oxidation reduction reactio...,
An oxidation reduction reaction i...,
Oxygen is a powerful oxidizing ag...
3
cards
Acid-Base Titrations (4.3.1)
Titration is used to determine th...,
An acid base titration involves t...
2
cards
Solving Titration Problems (4.3.2)
In a redox titration moles of an ...,
Knowing the stoichiometry of a ti...
2
cards
Gravimetric Analysis (4.3.3)
Gravimetric analysis is a techniq...
1
cards
Properties of Gases (5.1.1)
The molecules of a gas are very f...,
Gases are quantified using volume...,
Pressure can be measured using a ...
3
cards
Boyle's Law (5.1.2)
Boyle s law states that for a giv...
1
cards
Charles's Law (5.1.3)
Charles s law states that for a g...,
All gases theoretically go to zer...
2
cards
The Combined Gas Law (5.1.4)
Boyle s law states that the press...,
The combined gas law states that ...
2
cards
Avogadro's Law (5.1.5)
What is avogadros law
1
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Potato Cannon (5.1.6)
What two laws cause the gas in a ...
1
cards
The Ideal Gas Law (5.2.1)
What is the ideal gas law,
The ideal gas law assumes that th...
2
cards
Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law (5.2.2)
What does daltons law state
1
cards
Applications of the Gas Laws (5.2.3)
What must be taken into account w...,
Why do helium balloons and hot ai...
2
cards
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases (5.2.4)
The kinetic molecular theory of g...,
By the kinetic molecular theory o...
2
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Ammonia Fountain (5.2.5)
Ammonia is less soluble in boilin...,
This property is used to create a...
2
cards
Molecular Speeds (5.3.1)
The molecules in a gas have a dis...,
The root mean square speed urms i...
2
cards
Effusion and Diffusion (5.3.2)
What is effusion,
What is diffusion
2
cards
Comparing Real and Ideal Gases (5.4.1)
Real gases do not always behave l...,
What does the van der waals equat...
2
cards
The Nature of Energy (6.1.1)
Kinetic energy ke is energy of mo...,
What is thermochemistry
2
cards
Energy, Calories, and Nutrition (6.1.2)
The unit of measure for heat in c...,
Protein and carbohydrates each yi...,
Artificial sweeteners and fats gi...
3
cards
The First Law of Thermodynamics (6.1.3)
What is the first law of thermody...,
State functions depend only on th...
2
cards
Work (6.1.4)
What are the signs for energy hea...,
What is pv work
2
cards
Heat (6.1.5)
What is heat,
What is heat capacity,
How can the internal energy e be ...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: Cool Fire (6.1.6)
What is heat capacity,
What does the high heat capacity ...
2
cards
Heats of Reaction: Enthalpy (6.2.1)
What is enthalpy,
What is h for positive and negati...
2
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Thermite Reaction (6.2.2)
What is the thermite reaction
1
cards
Constant Pressure Calorimetry (6.3.1)
How is heat measured,
What is constant pressure calorim...
2
cards
Bomb Calorimetry (Constant Volume) (6.3.2)
What is a bomb calorimeter,
What is constant volume calorimet...
2
cards
Hess's Law (6.4.1)
Hess s law states that the enthal...
1
cards
Enthalpies of Formation (6.4.2)
The standard enthalpy change h gi...,
The standard molar enthalpy of fo...,
Hess s law can be used to calcula...
3
cards
The Wave Nature of Light (7.1.1)
A quantum is an indivisible amoun...,
Light has wave properties includi...,
The electromagnetic spectrum is a...
3
cards
Absorption and Emission (7.1.2)
The color of light depends on the...,
An absorption spectrum is a plot ...,
An emission spectrum is a plot of...
4
cards
CIA Demonstration: Luminol (7.1.3)
The reaction of luminol with hydr...
1
cards
The Ultraviolet Catastrophe (7.1.4)
Classical physics was unable to p...,
Max planck theorized in 1900 that...
2
cards
The Photoelectric Effect (7.1.5)
Shining light on a metal ejects e...,
Albert einstein extended planck s...
2
cards
The Bohr Model (7.1.6)
The bohr model provided the conce...,
Bohr s model worked very well for...,
Bohr s model was inadequate for e...
3
cards
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (7.1.7)
How do you locate something,
What does the heisenberg uncertai...
2
cards
The Wave Nature of Matter (7.2.1)
What did de broglie postulate in ...,
What do electrons produce when pa...,
What are electrons
3
cards
Radial Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation (7.2.2)
What do the solutions to schrodin...,
What does the square of the wave ...
2
cards
Angular Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation (7.2.3)
What do the solutions to schrodin...,
What do the angular solutions des...
2
cards
Atomic Orbital Size (7.3.1)
What do the wave function solutio...,
What does the 1s solution to schr...
2
cards
Atomic Orbital Shapes and Quantum Numbers (7.3.2)
What are the three quantum number...,
What does the value of l determine
2
cards
Atomic Orbital Energy (7.3.3)
When an electron is infinitely se...,
For a hydrogen atom the principal...
2
cards
Understanding Electron Spin (8.1.1)
Review of the schrodinger atom kn...,
The pauli exclusion principle ind...
2
cards
Electron Shielding (8.1.2)
Every electron has a unique set o...,
Electrons further from the nucleu...,
A 2s orbital is lower in energy t...
3
cards
Electron Configurations through Neon (8.1.3)
By the pauli exclusion principle ...,
For a given energy level in an el...,
By hund s rule one electron enter...
3
cards
Electron Configurations beyond Neon (8.1.4)
Each orbital holds two electrons ...,
By the aufbau principle the groun...,
The periodic table is arranged in...
3
cards
Periodic Relationships (8.1.5)
The periodic table is arranged wi...,
Noble gas electron configurations...,
Groups on the periodic table tend...
3
cards
Periods and Atomic Size (8.2.1)
Atomic radii increase with increa...,
Atomic radii decrease with increa...,
Cations have smaller radii than t...
4
cards
Ionization Energy (8.2.2)
What is ionization energy ie,
Why does ionization energy decrea...,
Why does moving from left to righ...
3
cards
Electron Affinity (8.2.3)
What is electron affinity,
Where does electron affinity gene...
2
cards
An Introduction to Electronegativity (8.2.4)
Electronegativity is a parameter ...,
Due to decreasing atomic radius e...,
Due to increasing nuclear charge ...
3
cards
Hydrogen, Alkali Metals, and Alkaline Earth Metals (8.2.5)
The periodic table was constructe...,
The periodic table can be broken ...,
Elements within the same group ha...
3
cards
Transition Metals and Nonmetals (8.2.6)
Understanding the periodic table ...,
Transition metals are characteriz...,
Rare earth elements are electron ...
3
cards
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding (9.1.1)
Chemical bonding involves sharing...,
Lewis dot structures are a shorth...,
Elements usually react in set rat...
3
cards
Ionic Bonds (9.1.2)
Ionic compounds are composed of c...,
The born haber cycle allows for t...
2
cards
CIA Demonstration: Conductivity Apparatus-Ionic Versus Covalent Bonds (9.1.3)
Ionic compounds that are soluble ...,
Covalent compounds molecules do n...
2
cards
Lewis Dot Structures for Covalent Bonds (9.2.1)
What does the octet rule state,
What do lewis dot structures offer
2
cards
Predicting Lewis Dot Structures (9.2.2)
How are lewis dot structures of e...,
Some stable molecules or ions hav...,
Elements in the third row period ...
4
cards
Resonance Structures (9.3.1)
Resonance structures are needed w...,
Resonance structures can contribu...
2
cards
Formal Change (9.3.2)
The more favorable resonance stru...,
A formal charge of zero is most s...,
The connectivity of the atoms can...
3
cards
Electronegativity, Formal Charge, and Resonance (9.3.3)
Formal charge explains the extrem...,
Formal charge helps explain why s...,
Formal charge explains why some m...
4
cards
Bond Properties (9.4.1)
The greater the bond order the sh...,
Bond orders which are not integer...,
The difference in electronegativi...
3
cards
Using Bond Dissociation Energies (9.4.2)
The overall enthalpy change of a ...,
The calculated enthalpy change of...
2
cards
Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (10.1.1)
What is vsepr,
What is the steric number sn,
What is each steric number associ...
3
cards
Molecular Shapes for Steric Numbers 2-4 (10.1.2)
What two things allow you to pred...
1
cards
Molecular Shapes for Steric Numbers 5 & 6 (10.1.3)
Lone pairs are assigned to sites ...,
Knowing the lewis dot structure o...
2
cards
Predicting Molecular Characteristics Using VSEPR Theory (10.1.4)
The shape of a molecule molecular...,
The net dipole moment polarity of...
2
cards
Molecular Shapes: The AXE Method, Part 1 (10.1.5)
Every molecule has an axe designa...,
By determining the axe designatio...
2
cards
Molecular Shapes: The AXE Method, Part 2 (10.1.6)
Every molecule has an axe designa...,
The axe designation can be used t...,
When multiple molecular structure...
3
cards
Valence Bond Theory (10.2.1)
When two atoms are in proximity t...,
Sigma bonds are formed by the end...,
Pi bonds are formed by side on ov...
3
cards
An Introduction to Hybrid Orbitals (10.2.2)
Hybridization involves mathematic...,
Hybridization of orbitals account...,
Molecules with expanded octets re...
4
cards
Pi Bonds (10.2.3)
A pi molecular orbital is a molec...,
Pi molecular orbitals are used to...
2
cards
Molecular Orbital Theory (10.2.4)
Lewis dot structures vsepr theory...,
Molecular orbital theory mo theor...
2
cards
Applications of the Molecular Orbital Theory (10.2.5)
In molecular orbital theory mo th...,
Mo theory predicts that dinitroge...
2
cards
Beyond Homonuclear Diatomics (10.2.6)
Molecules containing atoms of sim...,
Heteronuclear diatomics of very d...,
Electrons in delocalized bonds ca...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Paramagnetism of Oxygen (10.2.7)
Molecular orbital theory mo theor...,
Valence bond theory has been supe...
2
cards
Oxidation Numbers (11.1.1)
Oxidation numbers provide a means...,
Oxidation numbers are assigned ba...
2
cards
Balancing Redox Reactions by the Oxidation Number Method (11.1.2)
Formal charge and oxidation state...,
A reaction is balanced by assigni...,
Balancing atoms of oxygen and hyd...
3
cards
Balancing Redox Reactions Using the Half-Reaction Method (11.1.3)
In the half reaction method of ba...,
The half reactions are combined w...
2
cards
The Activity Series of Elements (11.1.4)
The spontaneity of a redox reacti...,
There is an inverse relationship ...,
The redox activity series relates...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Reaction Between Al and Br2 (11.1.5)
The redox reaction between alumin...,
Aluminum is a strong reducing age...
2
cards
An Introduction to Intermolecular Forces and States of Matter (12.1.1)
The state of a substance depends ...,
There is a distribution of energi...,
The intermolecular forces exhibit...
4
cards
Intermolecular Forces (12.1.2)
The types of intermolecular attra...,
Molecules with dipole moments ali...,
London forces originate from the ...
4
cards
Properties of Liquids (12.2.1)
Viscosity results from intermolec...,
Surface tension is the result of ...,
Capillary action is the rise of a...
4
cards
CIA Demonstration: Boiling Water at Reduced Pressure (12.2.2)
When does boiling occur,
How does low atmospheric pressure...
2
cards
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point (12.2.3)
A liquid is in equilibrium with i...,
The vapor pressure curve is a plo...,
Although evaporation is a phase c...
3
cards
Molecular Structure and Boiling Point (12.2.4)
What does a substance boil,
What does knowing the intermolecu...,
What is the clausius clapeyron eq...
3
cards
Phase Diagrams (12.2.5)
What can a phase diagram help us ...,
What are the triple point and the...,
What do the phase diagrams for ca...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: Boiling Water in a Paper Cup (12.2.6)
During a phase transition what re...,
Why can water be boiled in a pape...
2
cards
Types of Solids (12.3.1)
Crystalline solids consist of an ...,
Crystalline solids can be metalli...,
Properties such as conductivity b...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Conductivity of Molten Salts (12.3.2)
Ionic solids do not conduct elect...
1
cards
Crystal Structure (12.3.3)
A unit cell is a repeat unit that...,
X ray diffraction is a technique ...,
The bragg equation is a method fo...
3
cards
Types of Solutions (13.1.1)
A solution is formed by the disso...,
Solutions can be unsaturated satu...,
Like dissolves like polar solvent...
3
cards
Molarity and the Mole Fraction (13.1.2)
Chemists use several different un...,
When finding the mole fraction of...,
When finding the molarity of a so...
3
cards
Molality (13.1.3)
Molality is a unit of concentrati...,
The density and molarity of a sol...
2
cards
Energy and the Solution Process (13.1.4)
The solubility of a substance dep...,
Solvation requires breaking inter...,
Most solvation processes have a n...
3
cards
Temperature Change and Solubility (13.2.1)
In endothermic solvation processe...,
Supersaturated solutions contain ...,
Two solutes dissolved in the same...
3
cards
Extractions (13.2.2)
In general polar solvents dissolv...,
An extraction is a technique used...
2
cards
Pressure Change and Solubility (13.2.3)
Henry s law states that the conce...,
Henry s law solute khp or pgas kh...
2
cards
Vapor Pressure Lowering (13.3.1)
A colligative property is one tha...,
Raoult s law states that the vapo...
2
cards
Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression (13.3.2)
As solute is added to a solvent t...,
As more solute is added and the v...,
Mathematical relationships relati...
3
cards
Boiling Point Elevation Problem (13.3.3)
What is combustion analysis,
What information can boiling poin...
2
cards
Osmosis (13.3.4)
Osmotic pressure is related to co...,
The osmotic pressure at the membr...,
Osmotic pressure is the most sens...
4
cards
Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions (13.3.5)
The van t hoff factor is a correc...
1
cards
An Introduction to Reaction Rates (14.1.1)
The average rate for a chemical r...,
The instantaneous rate for a chem...
2
cards
Rate Laws: How the Reaction Rate Depends on Concentration (14.1.2)
The overall reaction rate can be ...,
The rate law for a reaction is an...
2
cards
Determining the Form of a Rate Law (14.1.3)
The orders of the reactants in th...,
The orders of the reactants in th...,
The value of the rate constant k ...
3
cards
First-Order Reactions (14.2.1)
The rate law for a first order re...,
The rate of a first order reactio...
2
cards
Second-Order Reactions (14.2.2)
The rate law for a second order r...,
The half life t1 2 of a second or...
2
cards
A Kinetics Problem (14.2.3)
The equations ln a t kt ln a 0 an...
1
cards
The Collision Model (14.3.1)
According to the collision model ...,
The fraction of collisions that s...,
The collision rate depends on the...
3
cards
The Arrhenius Equation (14.3.2)
The reaction rate increases as te...,
The relationship between the reac...
2
cards
Using the Arrhenius Equation (14.3.3)
The arrhenius equation can be rew...,
The arrhenius equation is useful ...,
The activation energy ea can be c...
3
cards
Defining the Molecularity of a Reaction (14.4.1)
A reaction mechanism is a series ...,
The molecularity of elementary st...
2
cards
Determining the Rate Laws of Elementary Reactions (14.4.2)
If a reaction aa bb cc dd is an e...,
The reaction rate of the overall ...,
If a proposed reaction mechanism ...
3
cards
Calculating the Rate Laws of Multi-step Reactions (14.4.3)
If a proposed reaction mechanism ...,
If the first elementary step of t...,
The rate law must be written in t...
4
cards
Steady State Kinetics (14.4.4)
In some reactions the rate determ...,
By the steady state approximation...,
Steady state approximations can b...
4
cards
Catalysts and Types of Catalysts (14.5.1)
Catalysis is the increasing of th...,
Homogeneous catalysts are in the ...,
Enzymes are biological catalysts
3
cards
A Word About Laboratory Safety (14.5.2)
You should always wear protective...
1
cards
CIA Demonstration: Elephant Snot (14.5.3)
Hydrogen peroxide undergoes a dis...,
The disproportionation of hydroge...
2
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Reaction of Potassium Sodium Tartrate (14.5.4)
A catalyst is a substance which d...,
Although a catalyst may change fo...
2
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Copper-Catalyzed Decomposition of Acetone (14.5.5)
A glowing hot penny catalyzes the...
1
cards
The Concept of Equilibrium (15.1.1)
Chemical equilibrium is a type of...,
If a chemical equilibrium is disr...,
The equilibrium constant k reflec...
3
cards
The Law of Mass Action and Types of Equilibrium (15.1.2)
For a general reaction aa bb ae c...,
Other forms of the equilibrium co...
2
cards
Converting Between Kc and Kp (15.1.3)
The values of kc and kp at a give...,
The value of kp can be converted ...
2
cards
Approaching Chemical Equilibrium (15.2.1)
The equilibrium constant kp indic...,
A kp value greater than one indic...,
For any exothermic reaction in wh...
3
cards
Predicting the Direction of a Reaction (15.2.2)
If a reaction is not at chemical ...,
The direction in which the reacti...
2
cards
Strategies for Solving Equilibrium Problems (15.2.3)
The reaction quotient q can be co...,
Ice initial conditions change equ...,
If the starting concentrations ar...
3
cards
Solving Problems Far from Equilibrium (15.2.4)
To solve equilibrium problems for...,
The calculated concentrations onc...
2
cards
An Equilibrium Problem Using the Quadratic Equation (15.2.5)
When assumptions used to simplify...,
The quadratic formula always yiel...
2
cards
Le Châtelier's Principle (15.3.1)
Le chatelier s principle states t...,
Le chatelier s principle can be e...
2
cards
The Effect of Changing Amounts on Equilibrium (15.3.2)
Le chatelier s principle can be u...,
The reaction quotient q and ice d...
2
cards
The Effects of Pressure and Volume on Equilibrium (15.3.3)
A change in total pressure that d...,
A change in the volume of a syste...,
If the sum of the stoichiometric ...
3
cards
The Effects of Temperature and Catalysts on Equilibrium (15.3.4)
Equilibrium constants are tempera...,
Catalysts increase the rate at wh...
2
cards
CIA Demonstration: NO2/N2O4 (15.3.5)
The equilibrium between n2o4 dini...,
The equilibrium can be observed b...
2
cards
CIA Demonstration: Shifting the Equilibrium of FeSCN2+ (15.3.6)
The color of thiocyanoiron iii io...,
Increasing a reactant shifts the ...,
Decreasing a reactant shifts the ...
3
cards
Arrhenius/Brønsted-Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases (16.1.1)
Bronsted lowry acids donate proto...,
A strong acid or strong base comp...,
Acid strength is not related to c...
4
cards
Hydronium, Hydroxide, and the pH Scale (16.1.2)
A proton h can be solvated by var...,
The dissociation constant of wate...,
The ph of a solution is the negat...
3
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Strong Acids and Bases (16.2.1)
Strong acids and strong bases com...,
Monoprotic acids yield one proton...,
The hydroxide ion concentration o...
4
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CIA Demonstration: Neutral Acid-Base Indicators (16.2.2)
A number of natural compounds can...,
The color change in a red cabbage...
2
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Weak Acids (16.2.3)
The acid dissociation constant ka...,
Ka values can be used to calculat...,
For a weak acid percent dissociat...
3
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Weak Bases (16.2.4)
The equilibrium constant for the ...,
Kb values can be used to calculat...,
Kb for a base can be calculated f...
3
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Lewis Acids and Bases (16.2.5)
A lewis acid accepts electron pai...,
A lewis acid base reaction may gi...,
Baking powder contains baking sod...
3
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Trends in Acid and Base Strengths (16.2.6)
Factors that influence acidity in...,
The entropy of hydration is a mea...,
Adding oxygen stabilizes the nega...
4
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Strong Acid-Strong Base and Weak Acid-Strong Base Reactions (17.1.1)
Strong acids and strong bases rea...,
The point of equilibrium for reac...
2
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Strong Acid-Weak Base and Weak Acid-Weak Base Reactions (17.1.2)
The direction of a strong acid we...,
The direction of a weak acid weak...,
The ph of a system can be predict...
3
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The Common Ion Effect (17.1.3)
The common ion effect is an exten...,
When q ka a system is in equilibrium
2
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An Introduction to Buffers (17.2.1)
The human body is a complex syste...,
Buffers are composed of a weak ac...,
Calculations for buffer systems a...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: Buffers in Action (17.2.2)
A buffer is a solution containing...,
Universal indicator is a combinat...
2
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Acidic Buffers (17.2.3)
The calculation of the ph of an a...,
If acid is added to a buffer solu...,
If base is added to a buffer solu...
3
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Basic Buffers (17.2.4)
A basic buffer is a buffer that h...,
If acid is added to a buffer solu...,
If base is added to a buffer solu...
3
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The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation (17.2.5)
The henderson hasselbalch equatio...,
The henderson hasselbalch equatio...,
The henderson hasselbalch equatio...
3
cards
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration (17.3.1)
Assuming a known mass of a pure a...,
The rate of change of ph along th...
2
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CIA Demonstration: Barium Hydroxide-Sulfuric Acid Titration (17.3.2)
In a titration of a monoprotic ac...,
The demonstration uses a conducto...
2
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Weak Acid-Strong Base Titration (17.3.3)
Since a weak acid does not comple...,
The titration curve of a weak aci...
2
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Polyprotic Acid-Strong Base Titration (17.3.4)
A diprotic weak acid will have a ...,
The two individual deprotonations...
2
cards
Weak Base-Strong Acid Titration (17.3.5)
The titration curve of a weak bas...,
The ph of a weak base strong acid...
2
cards
Acid-Base Indicators (17.3.6)
A ph indicator is a solution that...,
A ph indicator can be used to det...,
Universal indicator is a mix of s...
3
cards
The Solubility Product Constant (17.4.1)
Ksp is the solubility product con...,
Solids do not appear in solubilit...,
The concentrations of individual ...
4
cards
CIA Demonstration: Silver Chloride and Ammonia (17.4.2)
The solubility product constant k...,
Le chatelier s principle states t...
2
cards
Solubility and the Common Ion Effect (17.4.3)
The common ion effect is illustra...,
The solubility of calcium fluorid...
2
cards
Fractional Precipitation (17.4.4)
A precipitate is formed when the ...,
Salts with a common ion and of su...
2
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Spontaneous Processes (18.1.1)
The spontaneity of a process is i...,
The reverse of a spontaneous proc...,
Some processes are spontaneous wi...
3
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics (18.2.1)
Spontaneous processes that procee...,
Entropy changes are driven by sta...,
The second law of thermodynamics ...
3
cards
Entropy and Temperature (18.2.2)
The entropy change for a reversib...,
The change in entropy for a react...,
By the third law of thermodynamic...
3
cards
Gibbs Free Energy (18.3.1)
Spontaneity depends on change in ...,
Gibbs free energy change g is a t...,
When g 0 the reverse reaction is ...
3
cards
Standard Free Energy Changes of Formation (18.3.2)
The standard gibbs free energy of...,
As temperature changes g also cha...
2
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Enthalpy and Entropy Contributions to K (18.4.1)
The standard gibbs free energy ch...,
The equilibrium constant is relat...,
At high temperatures s determines...
3
cards
The Temperature Dependence of K (18.4.2)
For an exothermic reaction keq de...,
The van t hoff equation ln k2 k1 ...
2
cards
Free Energy Away from Equilibrium (18.4.3)
Chemical equilibrium can be thoug...,
Whenever a system is not at equil...,
The free energy of a system is th...
3
cards
Reviewing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (19.1.1)
Oxidation reduction reactions red...,
Redox reactions in which the chan...,
Redox reactions can be balanced b...
3
cards
Electrochemical Cells (19.1.2)
In a galvanic cell or voltaic cel...,
In an electrolytic cell electrica...
2
cards
Electromotive Force (19.2.2)
Electrical potential is a measure...,
The electromotive force ecell emf...
2
cards
Standard Reduction Potentials (19.2.3)
Ecell values can be compared by r...,
By convention ecell values are co...,
By convention ecell values are co...
3
cards
Using Standard Reduction Potentials (19.2.4)
Standard reduction potentials e d...,
Standard reduction potentials can...,
Trends in standard reduction pote...
3
cards
The Nernst Equation (19.2.5)
The electromotive force e cell is...,
The nernst equation can be used t...
2
cards
Electrochemical Determinants of Equilibria (19.2.6)
At equilibrium the nernst equatio...,
This relationship can be used to ...
2
cards
Batteries (19.3.1)
Batteries are galvanic cells that...,
Lead storage batteries are constr...,
Dry cells contain a moist paste r...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Fruit-Powered Clock (19.3.2)
Fruit powered clocks are construc...,
A battery similar to the fruit po...
2
cards
Corrosion and the Prevention of Corrosion (19.4.1)
Corrosion is the spontaneous envi...,
Salt and acid can speed up corrosion,
Corrosion can be prevented by pas...
3
cards
Electrolytic Cells (19.5.1)
The simplest type of electrolytic...,
In electrolysis of aqueous soluti...,
Electrolytic cells can be used to...
3
cards
The Stoichiometry of Electrolysis (19.5.2)
The number of electrons passing t...
1
cards
Nature of Radioactivity (20.1.1)
Nuclear chemistry is the study of...,
Nuclear reactions involve various...
2
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The Stability of Atomic Nuclei (20.1.2)
Stable nuclei form a band of stab...,
Nuclei above the band of stabilit...,
Heavy nuclei can undergo alpha decay
3
cards
Binding Energy (20.1.3)
In nuclear reactions matter is co...,
Binding energy eb is the energy r...,
Higher values of binding energy p...
3
cards
Rates of Disintegration Reactions (20.2.1)
Just as for any first order react...,
Activity is the rate of nuclear d...,
Measurements of activities and ha...
3
cards
Radiochemical Dating (20.2.2)
Age of objects can be determined ...,
The proportion of 14c to 12c in a...
2
cards
Nuclear Fission (20.3.1)
The reaction of 235u with a neutr...,
Critical mass is the amount of fi...,
Nuclear fission reactors harness ...
3
cards
Nuclear Fusion (20.3.2)
Stars use nuclear fusion reaction...,
Transuranium elements elements wi...,
Nuclear fusion reactors would pro...
3
cards
Applications of Nuclear Chemistry (20.3.3)
There are two commonly used units...,
Radiation leads to the production...,
There are productive uses of radi...
3
cards
Metallurgical Processes (21.1.1)
Metals are malleable ductile disp...,
Metallurgy is the study of metals...,
Metals are purified from ores thr...
3
cards
The Band Theory of Conductivity (21.1.2)
The free electron model is a mode...,
The band structure model is a mod...
2
cards
Intrinsic Semiconductors (21.1.3)
Intrinsic semiconductors are cons...,
The electrical conductivity of th...
2
cards
Doped Semiconductors (21.1.4)
Doped semiconductors have added i...,
N type doping involves the additi...,
P type doping involves the additi...
3
cards
The Alkali Metals (21.2.1)
Group 1 ia elements other than hy...,
All alkali metals form cations wi...,
Three important alkali metals are...
3
cards
The Alkaline Earth Metals (21.2.2)
Group 2 iia elements are called a...,
Alkaline earth metals form 2 cati...,
Four important alkaline earth met...
3
cards
Aluminum (21.2.3)
Aluminum forms many minerals baux...,
Aluminum is purified through the ...,
Gallium in gallium arsenide is an...
3
cards
CIA Demonstration: The Reaction Between Al and Br2 (21.2.4)
The redox reaction between alumin...,
Aluminum is a strong reducing age...
2
cards
General Properties of Nonmetals (22.1.1)
Nonmetals have very different pro...,
Elements of the second period ten...
2
cards
Hydrogen (22.1.2)
Hydrogen gas can be produced by e...,
Hydrogen has three isotopes,
Binary hydrides are composed of h...
4
cards
General Properties of Carbon (22.2.1)
The three allotropes of carbon ar...,
While the majority of carbon chem...
2
cards
Silicon (22.2.2)
Silicon used for semiconductors i...,
Silicates are a class of silicon ...,
Silicones are a class of silicon ...
3
cards
Nitrogen (22.3.1)
The haber bosch process is used t...,
The ostwald process is used to pr...,
Nitric acid is produced from nitr...
4
cards
Phosphorus (22.3.2)
Phosphorus exists mostly as phosp...,
Phosphorus reacts with halogens t...,
Oxides of phosphorus react with w...
4
cards
Oxygen (22.4.1)
Oxygen comprises only 21 of air b...,
Stratospheric ozone o3 absorbs ul...,
Most nonmetal oxides are acidic i...
4
cards
CIA Demonstration: Creating Acid Rain (22.4.2)
Under normal circumstances rain i...,
Under normal circumstances rain i...,
By combining dry ice solid carbon...
3
cards
Sulfur (22.4.3)
The most common form of elemental...,
Much of the sulfur used in indust...,
Compounds such as hydrogen sulfid...
3
cards
Halogens (22.5.1)
As a group the halogens are elect...,
Diatomic halogens are prepared fr...
2
cards
Aqueous Halogen Compounds (22.5.2)
Reactions between alkali metal sa...,
The products of reactions with aq...
2
cards
Properties of Noble Gases (22.6.1)
The noble gases group 18 of the p...,
Each of the noble gases has uses ...
2
cards
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