PS2002 Social

Norm formation Sherif’s studies using autokinesis – how do they illustrate the development of group norms? (convergence of judgements about movement to group mean, norms internalized) Conformity – acting according to (real or imagined) group pressure Asch’s studies (visual discrimination task) Which factors influence conformity? (e.g., unanimity) Review obedience to authority (PS1001) Milgram’s studies on obedience Which factors/parameters that were varied in the studies influence obedie

Types of norms: descriptive and injunctive Functions of norms and norm adherence Are people aware of how norms impact on their behaviour? (Nolan et al., 2008) The role of norm salience (e.g., Ciladini et al., 1990) Q: explain again Wider effects of norm violations (Kaizer et al., 2008)

Does media violence make people more aggressive? What kinds of evidence are there? Exposure to violence & sex and memory for adverts (Bushman & Bonacci, 2002, study) Cultural factors Factors that reduce inhibition Individual differences

What is the bystander effect? (review PS1001) Latane & Darley’s model of bystander apathy What are the processes involved? Diffusion of responsibility Audience inhibition (fear of social blunders) Social influence (others model for action) The role of social learning/socialization How do children learn to be helpful? Social learning theory & modelling The role of positive & negative reinforcements What is the role of the media? Learning by doing: self-perception

Paradigms Overlap social exclusion & physical pain Q: explain again Effects on behaviour? (Williams’ model) Why does ostracism/exclusion have these effects? Williams, Cheung, & Choi (2000) What did these authors investigate? What was their dependent measure in Study 2? (link to Asch’s studies on conformity) Warburton et al. (2006) Establishing control Williams & Sommer (1997) What does this study demonstrate? What is social loafing?