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ACVIM Oncology Specialty Board 2025 > Tumors of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Tumors of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is overall estimated incidences of canine and feline nervous system tumors?

A

Canine: 14,5/100 000 cases; 2-4.5% at necropsy
Feline: 3,5/100 000 at risk; 2% at necropsy

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2
Q

Classify the different subtypes of PBT in descending order based on their frequency

A

+/- 90% of PBT are represented by meningioma (45%), glioma (40%) and choroid plexus tumor (5%)
Less common: ependymoma, lymphoma, PNETs, GC, HS

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3
Q

What’s more frequent: Primary vs Secondary brain tumors?

A

Pretty much 50/50

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4
Q

What are the most common secondary brain tumors?

A

HSA (29-35%), pituitary tumors (11-25%), lymphoma (12-20%), metastatic carcinoma (11-20%) = total of 77-86% of all SBTs

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5
Q

Is there a sex predisposition in canine brain tumors?

A

No

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6
Q

Median age at diagnosis ?

A

Middle-aged to older dogs; majority > 5yo
Meningioma 10.5yo
Glioma 8 yo
CPT 5.5 yo

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7
Q

PBT in juvenile animals are of what origin?

A

Propensity to be neuroepithelial tumors of glial, neuronal, or embryonal origin

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8
Q

Is there a relationship between age and BW in PBT occurrence ?

A

large-breed dogs at increased risk for meningioma and CPTs

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9
Q

What breeds are overrepresented with canine meningioma?

A

Golden Retr, boxers, schnauzer, rat terrier

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10
Q

What breeds are overrepresented with canine CPTs?

A

One report said golden retrievers but other reports did not confirm

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11
Q

What breeds are overrepresented with canine gliomas?

A

Brachycephalic!
Boxer, Boston, bullmastiff, bulldogs

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12
Q

What tumor has been identified with a genetic defect association? What is that defect?

A
  1. Gliomas
  2. Locus on canine chromosome 26 –> single nucleotide variant in 3 genes (DENR, CAMKK2, P2RX7)
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13
Q

What is the ratio of PBT vs SBT in cats? What is the most common PBT?

A

70% of PBTs; more than 50% of those are meningiomas

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14
Q

Most common SBTs in cats?

A
  1. Lymphoma (50%)
  2. Pituitary tumors (30%)
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15
Q

Median age at diagnosis in cats?

A

11yo for meningiomas; 7-8 yo for neuroepithelial tumors and lymphoma

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16
Q

Sex predisposition in cat brain tumors?

A

No

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17
Q

% of seizures in dogs with forebrain tumor?

A

50%

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18
Q

Risk factors for tumor-associated structural epilepsy based on MRI?

A

presence of tumor involving frontal lobe, falcine or subtentorial brain herniation, marked contrast enhancement

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19
Q

Incidence of tumor-associated epilepsy in cats?

A

< dogs; 25%
Possibly more common with glioma (27%) and lymphoma (26%) than meningioma (15%)

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20
Q

What is the most common clinical sign in cats with brain tumors?

A

Behavioral changes (16-67%)

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21
Q

Based on the appearance, what is your likely diagnosis?

A

Butterfly glioblastoma

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22
Q

How frequent is it to detect multiple tumors in cats vs dogs?

A

Cats 20% vs dogs only occasionally

23
Q

What is the unique presentation of metastasis in choroid plexus carcinoma ?

A

Drop metastases

24
Q

What tumor may metastasize in the CNS in a unique way called ‘drop metastases’ ?

A

Choroid plexus carcinomas

25
Q

What is the incidence of contemporanous and unrelated neoplasms in dogs with PBTs?

A

3-23%

26
Q

Accuracy of MRI to predict PBT type?

A

70%

27
Q

MRI features of meningiomas

A

Extra-axial, broad-based, distinct margins, marked and uniform contrast enhancement; some can display intratumoral fluid, cysts, mineralization, calvarial hyperostosis, dural tail sign

28
Q

Accuracy of MRI to correctly identify meningioma in dogs vs cats?

A

between 60-100% in dogs; 96% in cats

29
Q

Glioma’s features on MRI?

A

intra-axial, poorly marginated, may or may not show contrast enhancement (highly variable), ‘ring enhancing’ pattern often seen in gliomas but not specific

30
Q

What tumors are most commonly found in intraventricular locations?

A

Choroid plexus tumors and ependymomas

31
Q

MRI features of CPT and ependymomas?

A

Usually intra-ventricular; often uniformaly contrast enhancing

32
Q

What MRI finding car discriminate between grade III choroid plexis carcinoma and grade I papilloma?

A

Identification of intraventricular or subarachnoid metastatic tumor implants

33
Q

What brain tumors are known to be occult (normal MRI) on imaging studies of the brain?

A

Lymphamatosis and gliomatosis cerebri

34
Q

What are the different subtypes of meningiomas?

A

angiomatous, meningothelial, transitional, fibroblastic, psammomatous, microcystic, papillary

35
Q

What subtypes of meningiomas are more frequent?

A

Meningothelial, transitional and psammomatous (in both species)

36
Q

Frequency of grade 1, 2 and 3 meningiomas? in both species

A

Majority of feline meningiomas = grade 1
Dogs: 40% are grade 2
Anaplastic, grade 3, meningiomas = 1% in dogs and cats

37
Q

Frequency of CPT grades in the dog?

A

Grade 1: 40%
Atypical (grade II) not yet recognized in vet med
Grade 3: 60%
Nearly 50% occur in 4th ventricule

38
Q

Is CSF helpful in the diagnosis of choroid plexus tumors?

A

Helpful to discriminate between CPC and CPPs –> CSF tot protein > 80 mg/dL exclusively associated with diagnosis of CPC

39
Q

What tumors seem to exfoliate more in the CSF?

A

CPTs, lymphoma, HS and cats with caudal brainstem oligodendrogliomas are the most frequently reported

40
Q

What is the prevalence of head and neck hyperesthesia in dogs with brain tumors?

A

12%

41
Q

MST of PBTs with palliative care?

A

+/- 9 weeks, range 1-13wks but dogs with supratentorial tumors treated palliatively > outcome with 25 weeks compared to 4 weeks for infratentorial

42
Q

MST for pituitary tumors treated palliatively?

A

MST 51 weeks in one study

43
Q

Efficacy of chmotherapy for PBTs?

A

Retrospective study of 71 dogs –> CCNU 93d vs palliative 60d; not statistically significant

44
Q

MST for cats with meningiomas treated surgically?

A

Often > 2 years, reported MST from 23-37 months

45
Q

% of recurrence of feline meningiomas after surgery?

A

25%, time to recurrence very variable (3-69 months)

46
Q

MST of canine meningiomas treated with sx?

A

7-16 months

47
Q

MST of canine meningioma treated with sx + RTH ?

A

16-30 months

48
Q

What are two types of SBTs that have a good prognosis following surgery?

A

Pituitary tumors and calvarial MLO

49
Q

% of surgical complications ?

A

+/- 11%

50
Q

MST for presumed meningiomas treated with RT?

A

MST 9-19 months

51
Q

MST for intra-axial masses treated with RT?

A

MST 9-13 months

52
Q

What biomarker holds prognostic value in meningiomas?

A
  1. VEGF; MST 25 mo with low VEGF vs 15 mo high VEGF (> 75%)
  2. Progesterone receptor expression: 2y SR = 42% if 24% or greater vs 91% if less than 24%
53
Q
A

ACVIM Oncology Specialty Board 2025 (1 decks)

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