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BIOLOGY > Topic 2 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of organism?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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2
Q

Name the 11 organelles in an animal cell

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosome
SER
RER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus

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3
Q

Name the 14 organelles in a plant cell

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Ribosome
Vacuole
SER
RER
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is a cell membrane and what is its function?

A

Cell membrane is made of lipids and proteins and contains receptors that can respond to chemicals like hormones. Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is a nucleus and what is its function?

A

A nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane, where the genetic information is stored in a cell and controls the transcription of DNA. Nucleolus makes ribosomes.

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6
Q

What is a mitochondria and what is its function?

A

Oval shape, double membrane, inner one folded (cristae), inside is the matrix that contains enzymes involved in respiration. The site of aerobic respiration.

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7
Q

What is a chloroplast and what is its function?

A

A small flattened structure surrounded by a double membrane. Has membranes inside called thylakoids which are stacked up to form grana which are linked with lamellae. Site of photosynthesis,

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8
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus and what is its function?

A

A group of fluid filled membrane bound sacs, where proteins and lipids are processed and packaged.

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9
Q

What are Golgi vesicles and what are their function?

A

Small fluid filled sacs produced by the Golgi apparatus that store lipids, and proteins.

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10
Q

What is a lysosome and that is its function?

A

A membranous sac containing digestive enzymes that destroy debris and worn out organelles.

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11
Q

What is a ribosome and what is its function?

A

The site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes have no membrane and float free in the cytoplasm or are attached to RER

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12
Q

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and what is its function?

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid space. The surface is covered in ribosomes and it folds and processes proteins.

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13
Q

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) and what is its function?

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space. SER synthesises and processes lipids.

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14
Q

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) and what is its function?

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space. SER synthesises and processes lipids.

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15
Q

What is the cell wall and what its is function?

A

An organelle mainly made of cellulose and chitin (fungi). Gives the cell structure and shape.

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16
Q

What is the vacuole and what is its function?

A

A membrane bound organelle that contains cell sap. It keeps the shape of the plant cell and keeps the cell rigid.

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17
Q

Describe how epithelial cells are adapted for their function in the small intestine?

A

Villi increase surface area for absorption and microvilli increase surface area further. Lots mitochondria to provide energy for transport.

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18
Q

Describe how red blood cells are adapted for their function?

A

Biconcave shape increases the surface area for oxygen absorption, also no nucleus to make room for haemoglobin.

19
Q

Describe how sperm cells are adapted for their function?

A

Lots of mitochondria for large amounts of energy.

20
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of specialised cells that act together to performa specific function.

21
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together.

22
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Single called organisms.

23
Q

Name 8 organelles in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Flagella
Plasmid DNA
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Cell wall
Capsule
Free floating DNA

24
Q

Explain the steps of binary fission

A

1) DNA and plasmids replicate
2) Cell grows and DNA loops move to opposite poles
3) Cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells are produced.

25
Q

Describe a virus

A

Non-living, nucleic acid, surrounded by protein that invade cells and reproduce inside.

26
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A

Protein coat (capsid) with attachment proteins.

27
Q

5 steps of viral replication

A

1) Virus attaches to host cell receptor proteins.
2) Virus inserts its DNA into the host cell
3) DNA is replicated by host cell
4) Viral components assemble.
5) Replicated viruses released from host cells.

28
Q

What is magnification?

A

How much bigger the image is compared to the specimen

29
Q

What is resolution?

A

How well a microscope distinguishes between 2 points that are close together.

30
Q

How do optical microscopes form an image?

A

Using light

31
Q

Max resolution of an optical microscopes

A

0.2 micrometers

32
Q

What organelles could you view under an optical microscope?

A

Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosomes
Nucleus

33
Q

Name 2 types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope

34
Q

Explain how a TEM works

A

Use electromagnets to focus beam of electron which are then transmitted through a specimen, denser parts absorb more elections (darker).

35
Q

Explain how a TEM works

A

Use electromagnets to focus beam of electron which are then transmitted through a specimen, denser parts absorb more elections (darker).

36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of a TEM

A

+ = high resolution
- = view in vacuum (dead specimen)

37
Q

Explain how an SEM works

A

Scan a beam of elections across the specimen, knocks off electrons from specimen, can be 3D

38
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of SEM

A

+ = living specimen
- = expensive and very large

39
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Separating the organelles of a cell by their mass.

40
Q

What are the 3 main steps of cell fractionation?

A

Homogenisation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation

41
Q

Explain homogenisation

A

Cell is blended into a solution where the organelles are released into solution (cold, isotonic, pH).

42
Q

Explain filtration

A

Solution is filtered to remove any large ell debris or tissue debris.

43
Q

Explain three steps of ultracentrifugation

A

The cell fragments are put in a centrifuge

Ultracentrifugation is when the heaviest organelles sink to the bottom, known as a pellet, of the solution so the top solution that is removed and poured away contains the lightest organelles.

The supernatent is spun multiple times until all organises are separated.

44
Q

What are the two main types of organism?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

BIOLOGY (41 decks)

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