Structure 2

Question 1

Rutherford’s Experiment

Answer 1

(Proved that):
- The atom was (mostly empty space)
- The atom contained a (nucleus) wherein (positive particles) were situated, which was (responsible for deflecting the positively charged alpha particles).

Question 2

Hybridization (HL)

Answer 2

• Single bonds: sp3 —> sigma bond
• Double bonds: sp2 —> sigma bond + pi bond
• Triple bonds: sp —> sigma bond + 2pi bonds

Question 3

Formal Charge

Answer 3

(Equation):

FC = (total valence electrons) - (bonded electrons)/2 - (non bonded electrons)

Question 4

Resonance Structures

Answer 4

• Same lewis formula (in other words, same number of each atom in a compound)
• (Resonance hybrid) is the actual/most stable structure —> expanded octet
• Because of the presence of an expanded octet, elements in period 1 & 2 don’t have resonance structures

Question 5

Giant Covalent Structures

Answer 5

(Allotropes of Carbon)
- Graphite
- Graphene
- Buckminsterfullerene
- Diamond
(Other)
- Silicon Dioxide —> causes acid rain!

Question 6

Ionic Bonding

Answer 6

• Lattice of ionic formula units
• Lattice held by (strong electrostatic forces) between (positive and negative ions).

Question 7

Metallic bonding

Answer 7

• Metal lattice consisting of (electrostatic attractions) between (positively charged metal cations) and (negative delocalized electrons).
• (Electrons are mobile) and (can carry electrical current)