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Sonography Theory Final Exam > Semester 2 > Flashcards

Semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A communication between the ascending aorta and the main pulmonary artery is called:

Aortopulmonary window
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of the aorta
Supracristal ventricular septal defect

A

Aortopulmonary window

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2
Q

A complete atrioventricular septal defect is ostium primum atrial septal defect with:

Coarctation of the aorta
Cleft mitral valve
Canal (inlet)-type ventricular septal defect, common atrioventricular valve
Canal (inlet)-type ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus

A

Canal (inlet)-type ventricular septal defect, common atrioventricular valve

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3
Q

A congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve in which one, two or all three leaflets are displaced downward from the annulus with right ventricular dysplasia (atrialization) is known as:

Ebstein’s anomaly
Epstein-Barr anomaly
Tricuspid stenosis
Tricuspid atresia

A

Ebstein’s anomaly

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4
Q

A defect is found in the central portion of the inter-atrial septum. The type of atrial septal defect present is:

Sinus venosus
Ostium primum
Coronary sinus
Ostium secundum

A

Ostium secundum

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5
Q

A membrane stretching from the left side of the interventricular septum to the right side of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve is called:

Hourglass aortic stenosis
“Strand” aorta
Aortic dissection
Discrete subaortic stenosis

A

Discrete subaortic stenosis

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6
Q

A patient with a long-standing history of systemic hypertension is sent to the emergency room after developing chest pain that radiated to the back. The electrocardiogram demonstrated left ventricular hypertrophy and the chest roentgenogram revealed a widening of the superior mediastinum. A possible diagnosis is:

Acute severe mitral regurgitation
Aortic dissection
Pericarditis
Mitral stenosis

A

Aortic dissection

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7
Q

A possible etiology for aortic aneurysm is:

Coronary artery disease
Marfan syndrome
Aortic regurgitation
Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Marfan syndrome

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8
Q

A potential complication of patent foramen ovale is:

Mitral valve stenosis
Paradoxical embolus
Valvular stenosis
Congestive heart failure

A

Paradoxical embolus

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9
Q

A redundancy of the mid-portion of the atrial septum which may result in an inter-atrial shunt is called:

ASA
SAM
ASH
DSS

A

ASA

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10
Q

A two-dimensional echocardiographic finding for an aortic intimal flap indicates aortic:

Stenosis
Dissection
Aneurysm
Regurgitation

A

Dissection

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11
Q

All of the following are associated echocardiographic findings for atrial septal defect EXCEPT:

Right ventricular enlargement
Left ventricular enlargement
Paradoxical interventricular septal motion
Right atrial enlargement

A

Left ventricular enlargement

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12
Q

All of the following are associated with pulmonary stenosis EXCEPT:

Systolic doming of the pulmonary valve
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Pulmonary regurgitation
Coarctation of the aorta

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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13
Q

All of the following are true concerning supravalvular aortic stenosis EXCEPT:

Hourglass type associated with Williams syndrome
Associated with proximal coronary artery dilatation
Left ventricular volume overload
Parasternal long-axis view allows visualization

A

Left ventricular volume overload

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14
Q

All of the following surgical repairs for congenital heart disease are correctly matched EXCEPT:

Blalock-Taussig: Right subclavian artery to the right
pulmonary artery
Modified Glenn: Superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery
Fontan: Single ventricle repair
Ross: Surgical ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus

A

Ross: Surgical ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus

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15
Q

An intimal flap in the aorta is discovered in the parasternal long-axis view, suprasternal long-axis view of the aorta and subcostal long-axis of the abdominal aorta. The type of aortic dissection is DeBakey type:

I
III
B
II

A

I

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16
Q

Associated anomalies of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm include all of the following EXCEPT:

Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Bicuspid aortic valve
Coarctation of the aorta

A

Atrial septal defect

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17
Q

Congenital heart defects strongly associated with Ebstein’s anomaly include:

Discrete subaortic stenosis
Parachute mitral valve
Atrial septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta

A

Atrial septal defect

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18
Q

Defects associated with tetralogy of Fallot in approximately 30% of cases include:

Overriding pulmonary artery
Bicuspid aortic valve
Tricuspid atresia
Right aortic arch

A

Right aortic arch

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19
Q

Echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of aortic dissection include all of the following EXCEPT:

Pericardial effusion
Decrease in aortic dimension
Pleural effusion
Recognition of an intimal flap within the aorta

A

Decrease in aortic dimension

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20
Q

Eisenmenger’s syndrome may be associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

Bicuspid aortic valve
Ventricular septal defect
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

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21
Q

For an agitated saline contrast exam, where will contrast appear proving the patient has an atrial septal defect?

Right atrium
Main pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right ventricle

A

Left atrium

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22
Q

Important factors in evaluating post-surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot include all of the following EXCEPT:

Rule out residual shunting at the margins of the atrial septal defect repair
Rule out shunting at the margins of the ventricular septal defect repair
Rule out residual right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
Evaluate right and left ventricular function

A

Rule out residual shunting at the margins of the atrial septal defect repair

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23
Q

In a patient with ventricular septal defect the blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg and the peak systolic velocity of the ventricular septal defect is 5 m/s. The right ventricular systolic pressure and systolic pulmonary artery pressure is:

120 mm Hg
110 mm Hg
20 mm Hg
30 mm Hg

A

20 mm Hg

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24
Q

In coarctation of the aorta blood pressure in the legs:

Is higher than in the right arm
Cannot be compared with blood pressure in the right arm
Is equal to blood pressure in the right arm
Is lower than the right arm

A

Is lower than the right arm

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25
Q

Narrowing of the aortic isthmus is:

Patent ductus arteriosus
Aortic arch aneurysm
Coarctation of the aorta
Aortic dissection

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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26
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus results in

Right ventricular pressure overload
Left ventricular pressure overload
Right ventricular volume overload
Left ventricular volume overload

A

Left ventricular volume overload

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27
Q

Possible complications of aortic dissection include all of the following EXCEPT:

Progressive enlargement of the aorta
Left ventricular inflow tract obstruction
Aortic regurgitation
Pericardial effusion

A

Left ventricular inflow tract obstruction

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28
Q

Prime characteristics of tetralogy of Fallot include all of the following EXCEPT:

Right ventricular hypertrophy
Malalignment ventricular septal defect
Atrial septal defect
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction

A

Atrial septal defect

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29
Q

The Doppler finding associated with patent ductus arteriosus is:

Holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending thoracic aorta
Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary veins
Increased flow velocity at the aortic isthmus
Decreased pressure half-time of the mitral valve

A

Holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending thoracic aorta

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30
Q

The ____________ sinus of Valsalva is the most common sinus involved in sinus of Valsalva aneurysm.

Non-coronary
Left
Right
All three are equally involved in sinus of Valsalva aneurysm

A

Right

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31
Q

The cardiac chambers that are enlarged in ventricular septal defect initially are:

Right ventricle; left ventricle
Left atrium; left ventricle
Right atrium; left atrium
Right atrium; right ventricle

A

Left atrium; left ventricle

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32
Q

The cardiovascular abnormalities seen with Marfan syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

Aortic dissection
Mitral supravalvular ring
Mitral valve prolapse
Dilatation of the aortic root, sinuses of Valsalva, ascending aorta

A

Mitral supravalvular ring

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33
Q

The congenital heart defect most often associated with Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is:

Tetralogy of Fallot
Coarctation of the aorta
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis
Atrioventricular septal defect

A

Atrioventricular septal defect

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34
Q

The four defects that make up tetralogy of Fallot are right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (e.g., pulmonary stenosis), ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy and:

Coarctation of the aorta
Cleft mitral valve
Deviation of the aorta
Atrial septal defect

A

Deviation of the aorta

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35
Q

The most common location for aneurysm of the aorta is the:

Descending thoracic aorta
Ascending aorta
Abdominal aorta
Transverse aorta

A

Abdominal aorta

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36
Q

The most common type of ventricular septal defect is:

Inlet
Perimembranous
Trabecular
Outlet (supracristal)

A

Perimembranous

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37
Q

The normal Qp/Qs ratio is:

1:1
1:2
2:1
50%

A

1:1

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38
Q

The peak velocity across a patent ductus arteriosus is 4 m/s and the blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. The systolic pulmonary artery pressure is:

36 mm Hg
26 mm Hg
64 mm Hg
4 mm Hg

A

26 mm Hg

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39
Q

The physical finding of cyanosis is most common in:

Pulmonary regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse
Eisenmenger’s syndrome
Patent foramen ovale

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

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40
Q

The type of ventricular septal defect most often associated with ventricular septal aneurysm is:

Perimembranous
Outlet
Trabecular
Inlet

A

Perimembranous

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41
Q

The typical murmur associated with patent ductus arteriosus is:

Decrescendo diastolic murmur
Late systolic murmur
Continuous murmur
Holosystolic murmur

A

Continuous murmur

42
Q

The view of choice when examining a patient with secundum atrial septal defect is:

Apical four-chamber
Parasternal long-axis
Parasternal short-axis of the aortic valve
Subcostal four-chamber

A

Subcostal four-chamber

43
Q

Types of supravalvular aortic stenosis include all of the following EXCEPT:

Hourglass
Dissected
Hypertrophic
Tunnel

44
Q

Uhl’s anomaly is:

Ostium primum atrial septal defect with cleft mitral valve
Right ventricular dysplasia
Left atrium aneurysm
Abnormal displacement of the tricuspid valve

A

Right ventricular dysplasia

45
Q

alvular lesions with which coarctation of the aorta is strongly associated include:

Bicuspid aortic valve
Aortic valve flail
Aortic valve vegetation
Tricuspid atresia

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

46
Q

When evaluating atrial septal defect flow with color Doppler, the sonographer should:

Increase the color Doppler filter
Reduce the color velocity scale
Invert the color flow map
Invert the color flow map

A

Reduce the color velocity scale

47
Q

A common echocardiographic finding in a cardiac surgery patient is:

Paradoxical interventricular septal motion
Pleural effusion
Valvular prolapse
Valvular stenosis

A

Paradoxical interventricular septal motion

48
Q

A common two-dimensional echocardiographic finding in patients with chronic renal failure is:

Pulmonary hypertension
Aortic dissection
Pericardial effusion
Mitral valve prolapse

A

Pericardial effusion

49
Q

A dilated coronary sinus is visualized in the parasternal long-axis. An agitated saline contrast study is performed and contrast is noted to appear in the coronary sinus before entering the right atrium. The diagnosis is most likely:

Inlet ventricular septal defect
Persistent left superior vena cava
Inlet ventricular septal defect
Normal

A

Persistent left superior vena cava

50
Q

A left atrial volume is determined to be 44 ml/m^2. The left atrium is:

Hyperdynamic
Normal
Enlarged
Thrombosed

51
Q

A membrane is visualized in the left atrium and appears to be superior to the fossa ovalis. This finding suggests:

Mitral stenosis
Cor triatriatum
Supravalvular mitral ring
Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Cor triatriatum

52
Q

A membrane located at the level of the mitral valve annulus is mitral valve:

Flail
Annular calcification
Prolapse
Ring

53
Q

A string-like structure is seen in the apex of the left ventricle. This finding may be called all of the following EXCEPT:

Chordal web
Ectopic chordae
False tendon
Moderator band

A

Moderator band

54
Q

All of the following are associated echocardiographic/Doppler finding for the Marfan syndrome EXCEPT:

Valvular regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Aortic root dilatation
Aortic dissection

A

Mitral stenosis

55
Q

All of the following are associated findings for pulmonary embolism EXCEPT:

D-shaped left ventricle
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Right ventricular dilatation
Tricuspid regurgitation

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

56
Q

All of the following are expected echocardiographic/Doppler finding in the elderly EXCEPT:

Mitral annular calcification
Mild left atrial dilatation
Aortic valve sclerosis
Mitral valve E/A ratio of 1.5

A

Mitral valve E/A ratio of 1.5

57
Q

All of the following are expected echocardiographic/Doppler findings for atrial fibrillation EXCEPT:

Biatrial dilatation
Reduced left atrial appendage peak velocity
Pulmonary vein absent atrial reversal wave
Normal mitral valve E/A ratio

A

Normal mitral valve E/A ratio

58
Q

All of the following are findings for ankylosing spondylitis EXCEPT:

Formula
Dilatation of the sinuses of Valsalva
Dilatation of the aortic annulus
Acute myocardial infarction

A

Acute myocardial infarction

59
Q

All of the following are most likely to mimic the findings of mitral stenosis EXCEPT:

Cor triatriatum
Infective endocarditis
Parachute mitral valve
Left atrial myxoma

A

Infective endocarditis

60
Q

All of the following are normal characteristics of a normal athlete’s heart EXCEPT:

Tissue Doppler E’ peak velocity > 8 cm/s
Left atrial dilatation
Concentric hypertrophy (< 17 mm)
Normal E/A mitral ratio

A

Left atrial dilatation

61
Q

All of the following are normal findings in cardiac transplantation patients EXCEPT:

Biatrial dilatation
Paradoxical interventricular septal motion
Reduced global ventricular systolic function
Mild tricuspid regurgitation

A

Reduced global ventricular systolic function

62
Q

All of the following are possible echocardiographic/Doppler findings for Ehlers-Danlos EXCEPT:

Ascending aortic aneurysm
Valvular prolapse
Ventricular septal defect
Mitral stenosis

A

Mitral stenosis

63
Q

All of the following are possible sources of systemic embolism EXCEPT:

Aortic atherosclerotic plaque
Aortic regurgitation
Left ventricular apical thrombus
Left atrial myxoma

A

Aortic regurgitation

64
Q

An aortic arteritis associated with marked intimal proliferation and fibrous scarring is:

Takayasu’s disease
Marfan’s syndrome
Shone’s complex
Libman-Sacks

A

Takayasu’s disease

65
Q

Dilated coronary sinus has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

Coronary atrioventricular fistula with drainage into the coronary sinus
Right atrial hypertension
Persistent left superior vena cava
Mitral regurgitation

A

Mitral regurgitation

66
Q

Electrical pacing of the right ventricle mimics the electrocardiographic and echocardiography findings of:

Complete atrioventricular block
Right bundle branch block
Left bundle branch block
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

A

Left bundle branch block

67
Q

In normal young patients most ventricular filling occurs during:

Diastasis
Early ventricular diastole
Atrial systole
During the PR interval

A

Early ventricular diastole

68
Q

In the parasternal short-axis of the mitral valve two separate mitral valve orifices are seen during ventricular diastole. This suggests:

Cleft mitral valve
Mitral valve prolapse
Double orifice mitral valve
Flail mitral valve

A

Double orifice mitral valve

69
Q

Osler-Weber-Rendu disease is associated with pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. The preferred echocardiographic/Doppler technique to determine the presence of this finding is:

Color flow Doppler
Two-dimensional
Agitated saline contrast
M-mode

A

Agitated saline contrast

70
Q

Papillary muscle dysfunction usually results from:

Ischemic heart disease
Infective endocarditis
Rheumatic heart disease
Dressler’s syndrome

A

Ischemic heart disease

71
Q

Penetrating aortic ulcer is considered to be:

Aortic dissection
Congenital
Aortopulmonary window
Idiopathic

A

Aortic dissection

72
Q

Pulmonary vein stenosis may result in:

Left ventricular hypertrophy
Pulmonary hypertension
Left atrial enlargement
Mitral regurgitation

A

Pulmonary hypertension

73
Q

Rupture of the vasa vasorum into the media of the aortic wall may result in:

Coarctation of the aorta
Intramural hematoma
Aortic aneurysm
Supravalvular aortic stenosis

A

Intramural hematoma

74
Q

The classic echocardiographic finding for Pompe’s disease is:

Left ventricular hypertrophy
Aortic stenosis
Coarctation of the aorta
Mitral stenosis

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

75
Q

The classic echocardiographic findings for Noonan syndrome is:

Dysplastic pulmonary valve
Bicuspid aortic valve
Ventricular septal defect
Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Dysplastic pulmonary valve

76
Q

The combination of left ventricular inflow tract obstruction and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is called:

Shone’s complex
Uhl’s anomaly
Ebstein’s anomaly
Takayasu’s disease

A

Shone’s complex

77
Q

The echocardiographic/Doppler findings for Friedreich ataxia include:

Aortic stenosis
Thickened mitral valve
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

78
Q

The echocardiographic/Doppler findings for cor pulmonale are very similar to:

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hemochromatosis
Ischemic heart disease
Pulmonary hypertension

A

Pulmonary hypertension

79
Q

The echocardiographic/Doppler findings for diabetes include:

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

80
Q

The echocardiographic/Doppler findings for hyperthyroidism is:

Enhanced global left ventricular systolic function
Significant valvular regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Aortic stenosis

A

Enhanced global left ventricular systolic function

81
Q

The echocardiographic/Doppler findings for pheochromocytoma include all of the following EXCEPT:

Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
Segmental wall motion abnormalities
Acute myocarditis
Aortic aneurysm

A

Aortic aneurysm

82
Q

The echocardiographic/Doppler findings in hypothyroidism include:

Pericardial effusion
Thickened mitral valve
Reduced global left ventricular systolic function
Coarctation of the aorta

A

Reduced global left ventricular systolic function

83
Q

The expected echocardiographic finding for Fabry’s disease is mitral valve:

Prolapse
Vegetation
Stenosis
Flail

84
Q

The expected echocardiographic/Doppler findings for cocaine ingestion include all of the following EXCEPT:

Reduced global ventricular systolic function
Acute myocardial infarction
Acute aortic dissection
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

85
Q

The most common echocardiographic/Doppler finding for scleroderma is:

Ebstein’s anomaly
Pericardial effusion
Pulmonary stenosis
Mitral stenosis

A

Pericardial effusion

86
Q

The most common echocardiographic/Doppler finding in systemic lupus erythematosus is:

Pericardial effusion
Coarctation of the aorta
Aortic stenosis
Left atrial myxoma

A

Pericardial effusion

Sonography Theory Final Exam (2 decks)

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