Secure Wi-Fi Essentials Flashcards

1
Q

Radio is a transmission of _________ _______ sent to a receiver.

A

modulated signals

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2
Q

What 3 things does radio require?

A

Transmitter
Receiver
Medium

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3
Q

There are 3 bands of radio relevant to Wi-Fi, what are they?

A

2.4 GHz
5 GHz
6 GHz

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4
Q

What is the relationship between Frequency and Data Transfer.

A

The higher the Frequency the greater the Data Transfer.

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5
Q

What is the relationship between Frequency and Range.

A

The higher the Frequency the lower the Range.
Higher frequency EM Waves have a reduced ability to penetrate.

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6
Q

What is a Band?

A

A Band is a section of the radio frequency spectrum dedicated to a specific purpose.

A range of the Electromagnetic spectrum.

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7
Q

Here are some examples of devices which use the 2.4 GHz Band:

C_______ P_____
M_________
W_______ M_________ S______
B________ D______

A

Cordless Phones
Microwaves
Wireless Monitoring Systems
Bluetooth Devices

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8
Q

Here are some examples of devices which use the 5 GHz Band:
R____
R____ L_______ S______

A

Radar
Radio Location Systems

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9
Q

Here is an example of a device which uses the 6 GHz Band:
R____ S______

A

Radar Systems

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10
Q

What is Channel Width?

A

Controls how broad the signal is and how many frequencies it uses.

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11
Q

What is the relationship between Channel Width and Speed of Wireless Transmission?

A

Increasing the Channel Width increases the Speed of Wireless Transmission.

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12
Q

What can cause interference and signal degradation?
Why is that bad?

A

When the frequency range of a Channel overlaps adjacent channels.

Reduces performance.

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13
Q

What is the total Band Range of the three Radio Bands used for Wi-Fi?

A

2.4 GHz has a range of 80 MHz
5 GHz has a range of 500 MHz with DFS and 180 MHz without.
6 GHz has a range of 1300 MHz with DFS, it always uses DFS.

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14
Q

Define DFS.

A

Dynamic Frequency Selection.
Not all 5 GHz devices support DFS.
All 6 GHz devices support DFS.

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15
Q

What is the naming convention for Wi-Fi Generations?

A

Wi-Fi Gen 4 was the first officially named generation. Therefore, the previous generations are messy.

Wi-Fi Gen 6 and 6E are weird, 6E has 6 GHz Band but 6 doesn’t.

However all Generations do correlate to an IEEE Standard.

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16
Q

What is the Max Data Rate?

A

The theoretical max data transfer rate.
This is a half-duplex therefore you need to half it to get the actual max rate.

However you won’t reach that either as inefficiencies get in the way; distance, medium, walls, equipment…

Network speed always less than half Max Data Rate, usually between 15% and 30% .

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17
Q

Define MIMO Support.

A

Multiple Input Multiple Output Support.

Ability for a radio to use multiple antennas to send and receive signals.

SU-MIMO Single User, One Client
MU-MIMO Multiple Users, Many Clients

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18
Q

Antennas transmit and receive W_______ S______.
Antennas can be mounted I_________ or E_________.

A

Wireless Signals
Internally
Externally

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19
Q

There are various types of Antennas.
Name 2 of them.
What are radiation patterns?

A

Omnidirectional
Directional

The directions that signals will propagate from the antenna.

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20
Q

Describe an Omnidirectional Antenna.

A

Can transmit and receive with 360° coverage.
Most Wi-Fi access points and clients use these to provide the widest signal coverage.
The radiation pattern is Donut-like in shape.

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21
Q

Describe a Directional Antenna.

A

Directs signals in the one direction the antenna point in.
Provides a stronger signal because it’s focused in one direction, not spread out.
Typically used to extend Wi-Fi network range to difficult to reach areas.
Also used to control where a signal can be detected from, preventing signal from exiting your property for example. Security!

Typically a cone centred in the direction the antenna is pointing.

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22
Q

The R____ of a wireless device greatly depends on the P____ G___ of the A______.

A

Range
Power Gain
Antenna

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23
Q

What does Gain define?

A

The signal strength and range of wireless signals.
Measured in relative decibels (dB).

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24
Q

What is Antenna Gain measured in?

A

Decibels relative to a reference (isotropic) antenna as a baseline.
(dBi)

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25
Q

Define Beamwidth.

A

The number of degrees off-axis where the Antenna Gain drops to half its gain at the base, 0° position.

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26
Q

Define Beamforming.
What advantage does it provide.
When was it added?

A

A technology that enables wireless devices with omnidirectional antennas to detect the location of other wireless devices and direct a stronger signal in the devices direction.

Provides a stronger, faster Wi-Fi signal.

Added in 802.11ac / Wi-Fi 5

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27
Q

What are Spatial Streams?

A

A wireless data signal that is transmitted or received by an antenna.

The more antennas a device has, the more spatial streams it can send and receive simultaneously, which increases performance and throughput.

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28
Q

How can you tell how many Spatial Streams a device has?

A

Usually listed with a colon after the antenna count, such as 4x4:3
So this device has 3 Spatial Streams.
Sometimes it isn’t stated, but rather implied to be equal to the number of antennas.

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29
Q

What does a device with multiple antennas use to support multiple spatial streams?

A

MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output

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30
Q

An 8 antenna device has 4x4 written on its’ specifications.
What does that mean?

A

4 antennas for each radio band.

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31
Q

C_____ devices typically have fewer antennas A_____ P_____.

A

Client
Access Points

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32
Q

SU-MIMO was added in what Wi-Fi Generation?
Explain what SU-MIMO is.

A

802.11n Wi-Fi 4

A single multi-antenna transmitter communicating with a single multi-antenna receiver.
Clients must take turns receiving transmission.

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33
Q

MU-MIMO was added in what Wi-Fi Generation?
Explain what MU-MIMO is.

A

802.11ac Wi-Fi 5

Allows wireless access points to transmit and receive with multiple clients simultaneously.
Uses spatial multiplexing to direct spatial streams in the same channel to different receivers.

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34
Q

Define RSSI.

A

Received Signal Strength Indicator.
This is the usual measure of signal strength, it’s the wireless signal power level received by the client device.

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35
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a strong signal strength?

A

More reliable connections and higher speeds.

Can cause interference with nearby wireless devices.

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36
Q

Describe the Near-Far Problem

A

Access Points have stronger radio broadcast strength than Client Devices.
If the Client is far away from the Access Point, it is possible that the Access Point can broadcast to the Client; but the client isn’t strong enough to broadcast to the Access Point.

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37
Q

What is a decibel(dB)?

A

A relative measure of Radio Frequency (RF) Power.
Radio Frequency Power is what is being broadcast from the antenna.

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38
Q

What is a watt?

A

An absolute measure of Radio Frequency Power.

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39
Q

What unit is Signal Strength represented in?
What are its’ range of values?

A

dBm
0 to -100

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40
Q

What is Signal Strength?
[Measured in dBm]

A

Signal Strength is the power ratio in decibels of the measured power referenced to one milliwatt.
Relative measure of Radio Frequency Power : Absolute measure of RF Power

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41
Q

Which is a better/stronger signal?
-45 dBm
-65 dBm
What are the minimum and maximum values Signal Strength?

A

-45 dBm is stronger than -65 dBm.

Minimum value is -100 dBm.
Maximum value is 0 dBm.

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42
Q

What is the minimum/target Signal Strength the WatchGuard documentation stated?

A

-67 dBm

43
Q

You can increase or decrease power because of several factors, such as A______ G___ and A__________ L___ due to distance between ______ ______ and _______

A

Antenna Gain
Attenuation Loss
Access Points
Clients.

44
Q

Let X be the signal strength at your location.
You have now moved and the decibel has decreased by 3 dB.
How has X changed?
What if the decibel had increased by 3 dB?
Decreased by 10 dB?
Increased by 10 dB?

What is this relationship called?
What can you say about the relationship between signal strength and decibel?

A

X/2
2X
X/10
10X

Rule of 3’s and 10’s

Power and decibel don’t scale linearly.

45
Q

What unit is Noise Level represented in?
What are its’ range of values?

A

dBm
0 to -100

46
Q

What is Noise Level?
[Measured in dBm]

A

Indicates the amount of background noise in your environment.
If the noise level is too high, it can degrade the strength and performance of your wireless signal.

Also called noise floor.

It’s measured in the same units as Signal Strength and shares a range of 0 to -100.
The closer the value is to zero the greater the noise level, therefore lower numbers are better. Numbers of greater magnitude indicate lower background noise.

47
Q

What can be used to workout the Noise Level?

A

Spectrum Analyser

48
Q

What is the Signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR)?

A

The power difference between the signal strength and the noise level.
The greater the value the better. Lower values result in poor performance and speeds. The minimum you should have is +25 dBm.

SNR = Signal Strength - Noise Level

E.g:
Signal Strength = -41 dBm
Noise Level = -50 dBm
SNR= -41 - -50 = 9 dBm

49
Q

What tool can be used to work out noise level?

A

Spectrum Analyser

50
Q

What is a Wireless Site Survey?

A

When you analyse your physical environment and existing wireless signals.
This is accomplished using a Wireless Site Survey Utility, here are some examples:
Ekahau Site Survey
HeatMapper
AirMagnet Planner

Plays a critical role in a proper Wi-Fi deployment.

Measure any existing wireless signals and interference in your environment.

These often take the form of a ‘heat map’ of the area.

51
Q

When should you measure in a Wireless Site Survey? Why?

A

Before deployment as part of your planning. It is likely that the optimum positions for new access points will be different to the existing access points.

After deployment to asses access point signal strength and range.

You may need to change the power levels, antenna, or access point to achieve adequate coverage of your environment, in addition to, proper speed and channel allocation.

Check for wireless channel congestion and make sure the distance between devices does not degrade the signal to problematic levels.

52
Q

W____ and c_______ between the Access Point and wireless clients can d______ signal s_______; these are o___________.

A

Walls
ceilings
degrade
strength
obstructions

53
Q

In regards to obstructions, what does the rate of signal penetration vary based on?

A

Building material type
Material thickness
Distance from the wireless antenna

54
Q

How do you measure Attenuation associated with an obstruction?

A

Check the signal level a client device receives when it is five metres away from the access point in clear line of sight (LoS).
Check the signal level again at the same distance with the wireless client behind the obstruction.
This will show you the attenuation of that obstruction; this is helpful for planning a wireless deployment.

55
Q

Attenuation associated with an obstruction example:
5 M distance with LoS: -53 dBm
5 M with obstruction: -57dBm
What is the obstruction Attenuation?
How much signal is lost?

A

-53 - -57 = 4 dBm attenuation.
Rules of 3 and 10 say that a decrease of 4 dBm is a loss of over 50% of signal strength.

56
Q

How does attenuation change with wireless band.

A

5 GHz Band has higher attenuation levels than the 2.4 GHz Band for the same obstruction.
This is because higher frequency electromagnetic waves are attenuated more.

57
Q

What distance considerations need to take place as part of a wireless deployment?

A

Wireless signals degrade quickly past their maximum range.

Positon access points to provide adequate wireless coverage over the range you require.

Keep in mind that client devices have shorter ranges than access points. The Near-Far Problem.

58
Q

Many wifi devices in your environment can create interference, which will degrade performance.
Please give 5 examples.

A

Personal hotspots.
Malfunctioning or misconfigured wireless devices.
Internet of Things (IoT) devices are very chatty.
Neighboring clients and access point external to your network.
Poorly designed wireless LAN - channel interference.

59
Q

Many non wifi devices in your environment can create electromagnetic interference (EMI). Which wifi band is the most susceptible?
Please give 3 examples.

A

2.4 GHz Band

Video Game Controllers; Bluetooth Devices.
Microwave Ovens; cordless phones.
Home monitoring / security cameras.

60
Q

Radio frequency interference caused by wifi or non wifi devices can greatly reduce performance of wireless networks.
What can you do to help identify sources of interference?

A

A spectrum analysis before and after deployment can help you to identify sources of interference.

61
Q

Consider wired LAN requirements.
2 points, the second quite large.

A

Configure the wired LAN infrastructure to support your wireless services; your access points.

Your wired LAN must support the latest technologies for a high performance wireless deployment. Don’t let switches or firewalls etc bottleneck your wifi.

Newer 802.11 standards cam exceed 1 Gbps ethernet speed. Modern access points may support link aggregation or 2.5 Gbps + ethernet interfaces.

62
Q

What 5 characteristics of your wired network need evaluating?

A

Power; especially on switches.
Network uplinks.
Cabling.
VLAN configuration.
Network services.

63
Q

Power requirements; one of two options.

A

AC (mains) power or Power over Ethernet (PoE).

AC power requires that all access points are near a power outlet.

With PoE you can power access points over the same ethernet cable that provides network connectivity. Equipment needs to support the required PoE standard.

64
Q

Not all PoE access points have the same power requirements.
2

A

Some access points can use standard PoE; 802.3af.

For most new deployments, install network equipment that supports the PoE+ standard; 802.3at or even 800.3bt.

65
Q

In the context of PoE, what can cause severe performance degradation if not accounted for?

A

Make sure network switches have PoE power budget/capacity for all connected access points.

66
Q

What network cabling should be put down?

A

At a minimum, deploy Cat 5e cabling for gigabit speeds.

Watchguard recommend Cat 6a cables for newer access point deployments, because they can have ethernet ports with link speeds higher than 1 Gbps.

67
Q

Network Services
What 7 things do you need to make sure are working correctly?
Watchguard considers 2 of them optional, which 2?

A

DNS
DHCP
NAT
Firewall Policies (to allow access point traffic management)
Content Filtering (for guest and internal users)

Optional:
RADIUS authentication
Traffic Shaping and Quality of Service (QoS)

68
Q

Key Takeaways:
____ _______ are critical for successful wifi deployments - possibly the ____ _________ s___.

Verify a__________ of the common materials in your environment.

Make sure that your ________ provide enough bandwidth and _____.

Enable essential n______ ________ to support proper client connectivity.

A

Site Surveys
most important step

attenuation

switches
power

network services

69
Q

Before you deploy wireless on your network, you must ________, ______, and ____ your wireless network deployment to ensure it meets your requirements.

A

research
design
plan

70
Q

There are three primary considerations when you plan your wireless deployment. What are they?

A

Coverage planning
Capacity and Airtime planning
Client Capabilities

71
Q

Coverage planning
What 3 things does it consist of?
What are the goals?

A

Examination of floor plans, physical obstructions and building materials.
Determination of optimal frequencies and access point locations.
Determination of optimal transit power levels for access points.

Goal is to optimise coverage and performance, while preventing channel interference.

72
Q

Access Point Placement
How do you provide maximum signal coverage?

A

To provide maximum signal coverage, place your access points in a central location away from any corners, walls, or other physical obstructions.

73
Q

Access Point Placement
Considerations on distances between access points?

A

Leave enough space between access points to provide maximum coverage for your wireless network area of availability. Also, to reduce signal lap.

74
Q

Access Point Placement
Considerations when you are deploying wireless to a multiple floor environment?

A

Place your access points in a high location to provide best signal strength.
Stagger the placement of access points to cover both vertical and horizontal space. Remember to account for vertical interference not just horizontal interference.

75
Q

Access Point Placement
What considerations need to be made when mounting access points to ceilings?

A

When you mount access points to a ceiling, mount them below the ceiling.
Don’t deploy above a dropped ceiling; ceiling space might include metallic structures that can attenuate RF transmissions..
Don’t deploy too close to other ceiling objects.

76
Q

Access Point Placement
Consider/check access point r________ p_______.

A

Radiation patterns

77
Q

Access Point Placement
What considerations need to be made when mounting access points to walls?

A

Use the wall if ceiling cannot be used.
Useful in large spaces, such as auditoriums, where ceiling mounts aren’t practical because of ceiling height or accessibility.

78
Q

Channel Capacity
Capacity planning is u__ c___ specific and is based on consideration of what 5 factors?

A

use case

Total active devices
Types of devices
Usage patterns throughout the day
Applications in use
Area of coverage

79
Q

There are two main types of interference on channels.
Describe them.

A

CCI:
Co-channel interference occurs when wireless radios transmit on the same frequency in the same location.

ACI:
Adjacent channel interference occurs when wireless radios transmit on an adjacent or overlapping channel.

Consider both CCI and ACI when you design access point placement and plan which channels to use.

80
Q

Channel planning

You are ____ likely to run into channel interference on a 5GHz band than a 2.4GHz band. Why?

A

less

Greater number of channels/greater band range means you can keep adjacent channels geographically separate.

81
Q

Channel planning
You can disable the 2.4GHz band on an access point. Why might you do this?

A

Access points are set up well for 5 GHz band network.
There would likely be interference on the 2.4GHz band if all the 5 GHz access points had 2.4GHz enabled, so disable some of them to prevent interference.

82
Q

Capacity planning
What 3 considerations need to be made?

A

Airtime utilization and demand from your clients is a major factor in wireless deployment planning.
A strong wifi signal does not guarantee capacity to process many simultaneous applications (email, web, audio, video, photos, games) in a dense environment.
Wireless deployment design shouldn’t focus solely on coverage and signal strength.

83
Q

Capacity and Airtime Demand
What two factors need considering in your capacity plan?

A

Average traffic patterns for your wireless network.
Expected demand peaks; amount and type of traffic.

84
Q

Capacity and Airtime Demand
Capacity and airtime demand criteria vary depending on the building /usage.
Give 4 examples of buildings/usages with different criteria.

A

Hotel and conference rooms
Small office
Retail department store
School

85
Q

Capacity and Airtime Demand
Determine the optimal number of _______ for each access point radio (2.4GHz, 5GHz, 6GHz).
Include both ____ and ______ clients.
Factor in _____-____ usage scenarios.

A

clients
idle active
worst-case

86
Q

Capacity and Airtime Demand
Calculate bandwidth required for each a__________ and c_________, as well as the _________ (total) bandwidth required.

A

application
connection
aggregate

87
Q

Capacity and Airtime Demand
What needs to be considered when planning for future growth?

A

Expected number of connected clients, application bandwidth usage, and upgrades.

88
Q

Wireless LAN Requirements - Clients
What are the consequences of having older clients on your network?
How important are client capabilities?

A

Older clients can slow down the entire wifi network; like a traffic jam.
Client capabilities are at least as important as the capabilities of your switches and access points.

89
Q

Wireless LAN Requirements - Clients
How can you plan to mitigate the risk of slower clients slowing down your network? What general client information must you determine?

A

You must determine the number and types of client devices, and where most will be located on the network. Maybe segregate slower devices to one access point to stop them slowing the whole network down.

90
Q

Wireless LAN Requirements - Clients
It is not always possible to know the exact breakdown of client capabilities. However, the more detail you know, the more accurate your planning will be.
What details should you be looking at on wifi capable devices?

A

Different devices have different capabilities:
How many spatial streams can it handle?
What channel width can it use?
ect.

91
Q

Supported Clients per Access Point
For capacity planning, calculate how many __________ connections you can support for each access point in the 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz bands.

Factor in the _______ number of active and idle clients.

An idle client can be connected but only send or receive _______ traffic.
An active client can use _______ resources for an ________ period of time. E.g: Streaming video.

A

concurrent
average
minimal
maximum
extended

92
Q

Wireless LAN Requirements - Applications

Determine the applications used on your wireless devices.
Use a__________ v_________ t____ on your current network devices to identify which applications are in use.

A

application visibility tools

93
Q

Wireless LAN Requirements - Applications

Use the application with the greatest b______ to estimate a per-______ throughput requirement.
For example, in a classroom the greatest bitrate application could be 720p video streaming at about 5 Mbps.

A

bitrate
client

94
Q

Wireless LAN Requirements - Applications

Consider current application usage as a s_______ p____.
Design for ____________ that will be used in the ______; communicate with other departments about proposed future application usage.

A

starting point
applications
future

95
Q

Wireless LAN Requirements - Environment

A school campus auditorium has a very different c_______ and _______ demand criteria than a small office deployment, a retail store, or a hotel.

A

capacity
airtime

96
Q

Key Takeaways

Consider the ________ for each _________ band on each access point.
Plan channels to avoid __-channel and ________ channel ____________.
______ capabilities play a significant role in overall performance.
________ demands must be calculated to determine throughput and performance requirements.

A

coverage
frequency
co
adjacent
interference
Client
Software

97
Q

Introduction to Wifi in Watchguard Cloud: Use Cases

What are the use cases for Security Service Providers?
Use cases for Customers?
Use cases for both of the above? [5]

A

Manage access points, licenses, security, wifi network settings for small-medium customer deployments.

Single platform to manage many access points across sites in a distributed enterprise deployment.

Simple intuitive UI
Security settings that scale
Minimizing risk of human error
Consistency with other WatchGuard products and services
Multi Factor Authentication to the platform

98
Q

Introduction to Wifi in Watchguard Cloud: Wifi Licensing

What does a Standard license give you? [8]

A
  1. Configure and manage wifi features in WatchGuard Cloud.
  2. Simple security options to secure SSIDs.
  3. Access Point Site templating.
  4. Captive Portal for wifi clients.
  5. Access to WatchGuard support.
  6. Real-time diagnostics for wifi client connections.
  7. Reporting/visibility of the last 24 hour period.
  8. Wireless Design Service.
99
Q

Introduction to Wifi in Watchguard Cloud: Wifi Licensing

What does a Unified Security Platform (USP) license give you? [7]

A
  1. Includes the features of Standard.
  2. Airspace monitoring and security.
  3. Use IKEv2 VPN to link access points to remote fireboxes.
  4. Captive Portal reporting and analytics for engagement.
  5. Network Access Enforcement.
  6. Syslog server output.
  7. Reporting/visibility of the last 30 days.
100
Q

Introduction to Wifi in Watchguard Cloud: Key Takeaways

Use cases for simple deployment of wifi in WatchGuard cloud:
S_____ M_________
S_______ t___ s_____

A

Simple Management
Security that scales

101
Q

Configure a Single Access Point - Overview

Describe the broad steps to add an access point in WatchGuard Cloud.

A

Configure ➡ Add Device ➡ Access Point ➡ Click on the access point to be added ➡ Add Device
[Name, description, time zone, folder] NEXT ➡ [DHCP or Static] NEXT ➡ [Site Configuration] NEXT ➡[Set Password]

102
Q

Configure a Single Access Point - Overview

Describe the broad steps to configure an access point after adding it to WatchGuard Cloud.

A

Configure ➡ Device Configuration
[SSID]
[Radio Settings] channel width and transmit power
[Advanced Settings] Airspace monitoring

103
Q

Configure a Single Access Point - Overview: Key Takeaways

After initial device a_________, simply add the access point to the s_________ folder.
Follow the w_____ to get started with the basics.
Make sure the f_______ is up to date.
Fine tune the c____________ if ever needed.

A

allocation
subscriber
wizard
firmware
configuration

104
Q
A