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s6(4)a geography eb - keywords > S6(4) Topic 02 - Development and Globalisation > Flashcards

S6(4) Topic 02 - Development and Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced

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2
Q

Economic growth

A

increase in the size of a country’s economy over a period of time (GDP)

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3
Q

Social progress

A

the capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of its citizens, establish the building blocks that allow citizens and communities to enhance and sustain the quality of their lives, and create the conditions for all individuals to reach their full potential.

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4
Q

Quality of life

A

an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns”.

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5
Q

Sustainability

A

ability to maintain or support a process over time.

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6
Q

Poverty

A

The state of being extremely poor, the state of being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount

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7
Q

North-south divide

A

The difference in wealth between the rich countries of the world in the North and the poor countries in the South.

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8
Q

Developing countries

A

A poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially

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9
Q

LEDC

A

Less economically developed country

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10
Q

MEDC

A

More Economically Developed Country

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11
Q

LLEDC/LDC

A

Least Less Econmically Developed Country/Least Developed Countries

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12
Q

NIC

A

Newly Industrialized Countries

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13
Q

RIC

A

Recently Industrialied Countries

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14
Q

OPEC

A

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

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15
Q

Fourth world

A

The most underdeveloped populations in a country that lives on their own (indigenous peoples)

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16
Q

Quantitative

A

When there is much of a certain thing (aimed for more of a good)

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17
Q

Qualitative

A

When a certain thing has good qualities (aimend for good quality)

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18
Q

Life expectancy

A

How long people are expected to live

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19
Q

Average years of school

A

average length of school in a country

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20
Q

Literacy rate

A

How many people can read an write

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21
Q

GNP

A

Gross National Product is the total economic output by a country`s residents

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22
Q

HDI

A

Human Development Index is an index that shows three things of development (health, education and standard of living)

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23
Q

Gross National Happiness

A

GNH is different to HDI. Both are an Index (a combination of indicators that try to represent a country in a number of perspectives.

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24
Q

Describe

A

exam command word which asks you to say how something appears using data.

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25
Q

explain

A

exam command word that which asks you to explain why and how

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26
Q

Evaluate

A

exam command word which asks you to way up pros and cons and give a conclusion

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27
Q

GDP

A

Gross domestic product is in borders, measures national income, output, and national coast. GDP also includes income of international. High GDP = economic growth, Low GDP = economic decline

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28
Q

GNP

A

Gross national product out of borders. measures total value of all goods and services produced by a country. Excludes income of multinatinals when profit sent to another country.

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29
Q

GNI

A

GRoss national income, measures the total income earned by a countrys residents, including both domestic production and income earned above.

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30
Q

PPP

A

Purchasing Power Party,used to compare the relative value of currencies by eliminating the difference n price levels between countries

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31
Q

Big Mac index

A

Compares the currencies with comparing how much a Bic Mac costs in different countries, is based on the PPP method

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32
Q

Factors affecting development

A

There are different factors for example: Economical, Cultural, Social, Political, Environmental, International factors

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33
Q

Domestic

A

refers to factors, activities, or conditions that originate within a particular country

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34
Q

National

A

The people of a country, with reference to GNP, refers to the total value of goods and services produced by the nationals of a country.

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35
Q

Model

A

A perfect example of an action explained or demonstrated to understand e.g. Rostow Model

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36
Q

Triggers for development

A

Trade policies, technological changes, government, international aid, resource discovery

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37
Q

Dependency theory

A

Poorer contries remain underdeveloped -> economically dependence exploitation

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38
Q

Modernisation theory

A

Progress from traditional to modern in stages (technology, values)

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39
Q

Rostow Model

A

A model which shows the level of development over time in 5 steps (traditional society, preconditions for take off, Take off, Drive to maturity, Age of high mass consumption

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40
Q

Causes of under development

A

Physical and human factors E.g. disease, geographical location, exploitation, war/conflict, climate…”

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41
Q

Neocolonialism

A

the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

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42
Q

SDG

A

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

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43
Q

SDG progress

A

Yet, only 15% of the SDG targets are on track to be achieved, 49% show minimal or moderate progress, and 36% of the targets show signs of stagnation or regression.

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44
Q

Problems with economic data

A

Economic data cannot always reflect the overall development situation of a country, it just shows one snap shot.

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45
Q

HDI

A

Human Development Index: Gives a country a value between o (bad, low) and 1 (good, high). It focusses on long and healthy life, knowledge and decent standards of living

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46
Q

Criticisms of HDI

A

Like any league table (football) there has to be someone at the top and someone at the bottom (no matter how good they are)

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47
Q

Indicator

A

A tool that looks at one single factor to evaluate change over time or compare it to others

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48
Q

Index

A

An Index is a measurement made out of different indicators.

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49
Q

LHDI

A

Low Human Development Index (less than 0.55)

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50
Q

GNI per capita

A

Gross national Income, it`s the sum of value by resident producers and receipts of primary income

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51
Q

Health

A

The position of being free of Injuries or any illness issues

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52
Q

Health and economic impacts (flow chart)

A

Investing in health improves the health status, which leads to enhanced labour productivity, improved international attainment, increased savings and investment and a lower dependency ratio, which atuomatically leads to improved economic growth. Investing in health CAN improve Health and development in a country!

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53
Q

Investment

A

The money which flows into different products or projects in order to achieve better and faster production and gaining profits

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54
Q

Demographic dividend

A

If the health of a nation improves, then so does life expectancy and infant mortality - therefore people do not need to have such large families. This is the demographic divident.

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55
Q

Disparity

A

The unequal distribution of resources or outcomes of production in specific areas.

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56
Q

Inequality

A

People which do experience different kinds of standards of living

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57
Q

Ugandan Warigi problem

A

the proble that many ugnadans have with alcohol, especially warigi a local gin, in some households half the selley is spend on gin

58
Q

Health care as a human right

A

every human has the right to primary healthcare

59
Q

Warigi

A

Self-brewed moonshine gin from Uganda

60
Q

Scale of pandemic

A

Every hour 50 young women are infected with HIV. 28.6m people are in need of HIV treatment. IV drug use increases risk of infection 22 times.

61
Q

HIV

A

the virus that causes the disease AIDS

62
Q

AIDS

A

the disease causeed by the HIV virus

63
Q

CD4

A

A person with HIV is considered to have progressed to AIDS when: the number of their CD4 cells falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (200 cells/mm3). (In someone with a healthy immune system, CD4 counts are between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.)

64
Q

ARTs

A

Medication given to infected people. It supresses the replication of the HIV Virus and helps the Immune System to recover

65
Q

PrEP

A

“Pre Exposure Prophylaxis”: Given to people before possible contamination. It reduces the risk of infection

66
Q

PEP

A

“Post Exposure Prophylaxis”: Given to People within 72 hours of the exposure to HIV-infected people. It makes the body unable to host the virus

67
Q

Vulnerability

A

How easy something can be damaged

68
Q

Societal causes

A

a cause by society which also impacts multiple people

69
Q

Social impacts

A

Impacts on the whole society

70
Q

Personal/individual causes

A

A cause by an individual which impacts more people

71
Q

Personal/individual impacts

A

How a decision impacts yourself/a individual perosn

72
Q

Health and development?

A

development is the continually evolving state of well-being involving living, working and recreation

73
Q

Malaria

A

A life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes

74
Q

Popualtion at risk of Malaria

A

The total population living in areas where malaria is endemic: infants, children under 5, pregnant women, travelers and people with HIV or AIDs are at higher risk of severe infection

75
Q

Transmission cycle

A

Malaria spreads when a mosquito becomes infected with the disease after biting an infected person, and the infected mosquito then bites a noninfected person. The malaria parasites enter that persons bloodstream and travel to the liver. When the parasites mature they leave the liver and infect red blood cells

76
Q

Anopheles

A

Mosquito that spreads Malaria

77
Q

Vector / Carrier

A

A vector is a carrier of a disease

78
Q

Parasite (Protozoa)

A

Protozoa are one-celled animals found worldwide in most habitats, a parasite is an animal or plant that gets nutrients by living on or in an organism of another species

79
Q

Physical barriers

A

Physical barriers against Malaria include: Use of mosquito nets, wearing long clothing, putting screens over windows and doors, staying away from stagnant water or drain it away, cover cracks in walls and the floor with building paper

80
Q

Biological barriers

A

Genetic engineering/ Fungi to kill mosquito larves/use natural predators

81
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Mosquito Spray / Pesticides/ Insecticides / Paris Green
(Vaccination and medication would count as biological barriers)

82
Q

Paris Green

A

A pesticide

83
Q

Appropriate solutions (to malaria)

A

The best solution are probably nets

84
Q

Mechanisms of colonial control

A

Army and military control/ethnic cleaning /Media /economy/create government

85
Q

Colonialism

A

When one country exploits or takes over another country using various methods (mechanisms)

86
Q

Decolonisation

A

When the colonies gain independency and become an own country

87
Q

Decolonisation causes of conflict

A

Because colonial borders did not match religious or ethnic borders / because the indigenous people lacked experience in leading a government /insurgents pushed out colonial powers violently

88
Q

Neo-colonialism

A

The change from colonial rule to indirect neo-colonial rule

89
Q

Methods of neo-colonial control

A

Trade, aid and debt

90
Q

Trade

A

The exchange of goods and services and capital between countries, territories and individuals (a form of neo-colonial control)

91
Q

Aid

A

The financial, technical or humanitarian assistance often provided by one country to another (a form of neo-colonial control)

92
Q

Debt

A

The amount of money borred by one party from another (a form of neo-colonial control)

93
Q

HIPC

A

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

94
Q

Income inequality (disparity)

A

The uneven distribution of income within a population

95
Q

Development gap

A

The disparity in levles of economic development, quality of life and general well being of a society (LEDCs- MEDCs)

96
Q

NGOs

A

Non governmental organizations: independent from government and topically non profit entities

97
Q

Aid (tied/untied)

A

Is an assistance offered from one party to another (in this case between nations). Tied: somethings expected in return , Untied: nothing expected in return

98
Q

FDI

A

A type of cross-border investment, with the aim to gain influence over the factories and their decisionmaking

99
Q

Microfinance

A

Small loans for individuals in LEDC’s with low to zero(by charitable donations) interest rates

100
Q

Appropriate (intermediate) technology

A

(Simple, Sustainable and self-sufficient) Technology being transfers form rich to poor counties

101
Q

Free and Fair trade

A

Free trade: emphasizes minimal restrictions aiming to reduce tariffs, quotas and other trade regulations Fair trade: focusses on sustainability, good treatment of workers and fair pricing for producers

102
Q

Debt relief

A

Campaign to try to persuade the MEDCs to cancel the debt or freeze the intestest rates

103
Q

Inequality (disparity)

A

A difference in treatment or level

104
Q

Types of inequality (disparity)

A

Gender, sexuality, nationality, religion, income, age, health…

105
Q

Lorenz curve

A

Reprsents the distribution of income; it expresses the relationship between cumulative & of households & cumulative % of income

106
Q

Gini coefficient

A

Measures the degree of inequality in the distirbution of something

107
Q

Palma ratio

A

Compares the income or wealth share of the top 10% to the bottom 40% of the population

108
Q

Globalisation

A

Increasing connectedness and interdependence of world cultures and economies

109
Q

Interdependence

A

Two or more tthings depending on each other

110
Q

Globalisation and distance

A

Through advanced technology, shipping and communication is easier. Distance keeps becoming smaller of a barrier over time.

111
Q

Globalisation and space

A

The world becomes more homogeneous in terms of music, cuisine and culture.

112
Q

Globalisation and time

A

Time looses significance in terms of communication and travel because of advanced technology

113
Q

Elements of globalisation

A

Globalisation includes technological, political, environmental, economic and cultural elements

114
Q

Technological globalisation

A

Advanced technology permits us to have instant communication, faster global transactions and start online businesses. Additionally, one can now work from home (home office). Tech companies like Google, Apple, Amazon are the most active in this type of globalisation.

115
Q

Political globalisation

A

Through political globalisation politics move beyond the centrality of the nation state and there is the formation of international organisations like the EU or the NATO. There might now also be transnational political movements for the environment or human rights.

116
Q

Environmental globalisation

A

This is any way in which a country could have an influence on the environment of another country, with or without it being the country’s own fault. This could include pollution, cloud seeding, resource depletion or natural causes like volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.

117
Q

Economic globalisation

A

When countries become more connected through things like trade,investment,sharng ideas, making the world’s economy more interdepedent and interconnected .

118
Q

Cultural globalisation

A

carrying on the ideas ,meanings,values around the world to extend and intensify social relations. This processed is

119
Q

Trade

A

is the exchange of any good or services

120
Q

International trade

A

voluntary exchange of goods or services between/among different countries ( if the transcations occurs a cross border )

121
Q

History of international trade

A

trade was local -> trade becomes international (eg. Silk road) - trade was affected by empires and colonialism

122
Q

Basis of international trade

A

resources ( are unevenly distrubuted , cause of differnces in the physical makeup e.g. Geology,relief soil climate ) physical ( lowland have greater agricultural potential , mountains atract tourist and promote tourism …) climate ( influences the type of flora &fauna hat can survive in given region ,diversity in the range of varoius products e.g wool in cold regions , tropicla = bananas ,rubber,cocoa )

123
Q

TNC

A

Transnational corporations

124
Q

MNC

A

Multinational corporations

125
Q

Elements of trade

A

Volume of trade, Direction of trade, Composition of trade

126
Q

Balance of trade

A

(BOT=exports-imports) The record of the total volume of goods and services which are exported and importend by a country to other countries. If positive, they export more than import, if negative, import more than export

127
Q

Primary goods

A

Raw materials

128
Q

Secondary goods

A

Manufactured goods

129
Q

MEDC / LEDC trade comparison

A

LEDCs trade mostly raw materials, MEDCs buy these for a low price and turn them into high value goods. LEDCs tend to have negative BOT and MEDCs positive BOT

130
Q

Internationalisation of TNCs

A

They don’t possess a central HQ that makes decisions for everyone which enables them to adapt to local markets more easily

131
Q

Growth of TNCs

A

The global expansion of major product with worldwide markets

132
Q

Global players (globalisation)

A

A company or institution with world-wide presence in production and/or distribution, or which is recognized as a brand, or as a leader in its market segment, by most consumers world-wide.

133
Q

Index of globalisation

A

An index showing the globalization of a country. E.g.: KOF index, AT Kearney index

134
Q

Elements of ATK index

A

Economic, personal, technological, and political

135
Q

Evaluation of ATK index

A

Pros: covers 96% of world GDP, covers 84% of world population, allows for comparison between countries, allows for comparison over time. Cons: only 64 countries included, depends highly on weightings of elements, how do we measure cultural terms

136
Q

Elements of KOF index

A

Economic, social, political

137
Q

Evaluation of KOF index

A

Pros: allows for comparison of degree of/change in globalization, includes 158 countries, calculated with 24 different variables. Cons: results can be driven by missing values/extreme outliers, culture is mostly dependent on US cultural products.

138
Q

China, TNCs and Gambia

A

TNC’s are not beneficial for everyone, in China TNC’s help make the country richer because of investment, but Gambia gets poorer because it creates further financial leakages because money flows back to other countries

139
Q

Inequalities

A

When something is not equal, for example in status, rights, and opportunities

140
Q

Financial leakages

A

Capital or income that diverges from some kind of integrative system

s6(4)a geography eb - keywords (2 decks)

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