S6(4) Topic 02 - Development and Globalisation Flashcards
Development
the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced
Economic growth
increase in the size of a country’s economy over a period of time (GDP)
Social progress
the capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of its citizens, establish the building blocks that allow citizens and communities to enhance and sustain the quality of their lives, and create the conditions for all individuals to reach their full potential.
Quality of life
an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns”.
Sustainability
ability to maintain or support a process over time.
Poverty
The state of being extremely poor, the state of being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount
North-south divide
The difference in wealth between the rich countries of the world in the North and the poor countries in the South.
Developing countries
A poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially
What does LEDC stand for
Less economically developed country
MEDC
More Economically Developed Country
LLEDC/LDC
Least Less Econmically Developed Country/Least Developed Countries
NIC
Newly Industrialized Countries
RIC
Recently Industrialied Countries
OPEC
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Fourth world
The most underdeveloped populations in a country that lives on their own (indigenous peoples)
Quantitative
When there is much of a certain thing (aimed for more of a good)
Qualitative
When a certain thing has good qualities (aimend for good quality)
Life expectancy
How long people are expected to live
Average years of school
average length of school in a country
Literacy rate
How many people can read an write
GNP
Gross National Product is the total economic output by a country`s residents
HDI
Human Development Index is an index that shows three things of development (health, education and standard of living)
Gross National Happiness
GNH is different to HDI. Both are an Index (a combination of indicators that try to represent a country in a number of perspectives)
Describe
exam command word which asks you to say how something appears using data.
explain
exam command word that which asks you to explain why and how
Evaluate
exam command word which asks you to way up pros and cons and give a conclusion
GDP
Gross domestic product is in borders, measures national income, output, and national coast. GDP also includes income of international. High GDP = economic growth, Low GDP = economic decline
GNP
Gross National Product…produced by the nationals of a country, whether they work within the country’s borders or abroad
GNI
GRoss national income, measures the total income earned by a countrys residents, including both domestic production and income earned above.
PPP
Purchasing Power Party,used to compare the relative value of currencies by eliminating the difference n price levels between countries
Big Mac index
Compares the currencies with comparing how much a Bic Mac costs in different countries, is based on the PPP method
Factors affecting development
There are different factors for example: Economical, Cultural, Social, Political, Environmental, International factors
Domestic
refers to factors, activities, or conditions that originate within a particular country
National
The people of a country, with reference to GNP, refers to the total value of goods and services produced by the nationals of a country.
Model
A perfect example of an action explained or demonstrated to understand e.g. Rostow Model
Triggers for development
Trade policies, technological changes, government, international aid, resource discovery
Dependency theory
Poorer contries remain underdeveloped -> economically dependence exploitation
Modernisation theory
Progress from traditional to modern in stages (technology, values)
Rostow Model
A model which shows the level of development over time in 5 steps (traditional society, preconditions for take off, Take off, Drive to maturity, Age of high mass consumption
Causes of under development
Physical and human factors
E.g. disease, geographical location, exploitation, war/conflict, climate…
Neocolonialism
the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.
SDG
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
SDG progress
Yet, only 15% of the SDG targets are on track to be achieved, 49% show minimal or moderate progress, and 36% of the targets show signs of stagnation or regression.
Problems with economic data
Economic data cannot always reflect the overall development situation of a country, it just shows one snap shot.
HDI
Human Development Index: Gives a country a value between o (bad, low) and 1 (good, high). It focusses on long and healthy life, knowledge and decent standards of living
Criticisms of HDI
Like any league table (football) there has to be someone at the top and someone at the bottom (no matter how good they are)
Indicator
A tool that looks at one single factor to evaluate change over time or compare it to others
Index
An Index is a measurement made out of different indicators.
LHDI
Low Human Development Index (less than 0.55)
GNI per capita
Gross national Income, it`s the sum of value by resident producers and receipts of primary income
Health
The position of being free of Injuries or any illness issues
Health and economic impacts (flow chart)
Investing in health improves the health status, which leads to enhanced labour productivity, improved international attainment, increased savings and investment and a lower dependency ratio, which atuomatically leads to improved economic growth. Investing in health CAN improve Health and development in a country!
Investment
The money which flows into different products or projects in order to achieve better and faster production and gaining profits
Demographic dividend
If the health of a nation improves, then so does life expectancy and infant mortality - therefore people do not need to have such large families. This is the demographic divident.
Disparity
The unequal distribution of resources or outcomes of production in specific areas.
Inequality
People which do experience different kinds of standards of living
Ugandan Warigi problem
the proble that many ugnadans have with alcohol, especially warigi a local gin, in some households half the selley is spend on gin
Health care as a human right
every human has the right to primary healthcare
Warigi
Self-brewed moonshine gin from Uganda
Scale of pandemic
Every hour 50 young women are infected with HIV. 28.6m people are in need of HIV treatment. IV drug use increases risk of infection 22 times.
HIV
the virus that causes the disease AIDS
AIDS
the disease causeed by the HIV virus
CD4
A person with HIV is considered to have progressed to AIDS when: the number of their CD4 cells falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (200 cells/mm3). (In someone with a healthy immune system, CD4 counts are between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.)
ARTs
Medication given to infected people. It supresses the replication of the HIV Virus and helps the Immune System to recover
PrEP
“Pre Exposure Prophylaxis”: Given to people before possible contamination. It reduces the risk of infection
PEP
“Post Exposure Prophylaxis”: Given to People within 72 hours of the exposure to HIV-infected people. It makes the body unable to host the virus
Vulnerability
How easy something can be damaged
Societal causes
a cause by society which also impacts multiple people
Social impacts
Impacts on the whole society
Personal/individual causes
A cause by an individual which impacts more people
Personal/individual impacts
How a decision impacts yourself/a individual perosn
Health and development?
development is the continually evolving state of well-being involving living, working and recreation
Malaria
A life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
Popualtion at risk of Malaria
The total population living in areas where malaria is endemic: infants, children under 5, pregnant women, travelers and people with HIV or AIDs are at higher risk of severe infection
Transmission cycle
Malaria spreads when a mosquito becomes infected with the disease after biting an infected person, and the infected mosquito then bites a noninfected person. The malaria parasites enter that persons bloodstream and travel to the liver. When the parasites mature they leave the liver and infect red blood cells
Anopheles
Mosquito that spreads Malaria
Vector / Carrier
A vector is a carrier of a disease
Parasite (Protozoa)
Protozoa are one-celled animals found worldwide in most habitats, a parasite is an animal or plant that gets nutrients by living on or in an organism of another species
Physical barriers
Physical barriers against Malaria include: Use of mosquito nets, wearing long clothing, putting screens over windows and doors, staying away from stagnant water or drain it away, cover cracks in walls and the floor with building paper
Biological barriers
Genetic engineering/ Fungi to kill mosquito larves/use natural predators
Chemical barriers
Mosquito Spray / Insecticides / Paris Green
(Vaccination and medication would count as biological barriers)
Paris Green
A pesticide
Appropriate solutions (to malaria)
Problem with nets: a small hole can become a huge problem.
Education is always a good start, think about how to protect yourself and get rid of the anopehes mosquito (physical, biological and chemical barriers –> a combination of all three should work best)
Mechanisms of colonial control
Army and military control/ethnic cleaning /Media /economy/create government
Colonialism
When one country exploits or takes over another country using various methods (mechanisms)
Decolonisation
When the colonies gain independency and become an own country
Decolonisation causes of conflict
Because colonial borders did not match religious or ethnic borders / because the indigenous people lacked experience in leading a government /insurgents pushed out colonial powers violently
Neo-colonialism
Neo-Colonialism is a form of indirect control over developing countries, often former colonies
Direct political control decreases while economic control increases
Methods of neo-colonial control
Trade, aid and debt
Trade
The exchange of goods and services and capital between countries, territories and individuals (a form of neo-colonial control)
Aid
The financial, technical or humanitarian assistance often provided by one country to another (a form of neo-colonial control)
Debt
The amount of money borred by one party from another (a form of neo-colonial control)
HIPC
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
Income inequality (disparity)
The uneven distribution of income within a population
Development gap
The disparity in levles of economic development, quality of life and general well being of a society (LEDCs- MEDCs)
NGOs
Non governmental organizations: independent from government and topically non profit entities
Aid (tied/untied)
Is an assistance offered from one party to another (in this case between nations). Tied: somethings expected in return , Untied: nothing expected in return
FDI
A type of cross-border investment, with the aim to gain influence over the factories and their decisionmaking
Microfinance
Small loans for individuals in LEDC’s with low to zero(by charitable donations) interest rates
Appropriate (intermediate) technology
(Simple, Sustainable and self-sufficient) Technology being transfers form rich to poor counties
Free and Fair trade
Free trade: emphasizes minimal restrictions aiming to reduce tariffs, quotas and other trade regulations
Fair trade: focusses on sustainability, good treatment of workers and fair pricing for producers
Debt relief
Campaign to try to persuade the MEDCs to cancel the debt or freeze the intestest rates
Inequality (disparity)
A difference in treatment or level
Types of inequality (disparity)
Gender, sexuality, nationality, religion, income, age, health…
Lorenz curve
Reprsents the distribution of income; it expresses the relationship between cumulative & of households & cumulative % of income
Gini coefficient
Measures the degree of inequality in the distirbution of something
Palma ratio
Compares the income or wealth share of the top 10% to the bottom 40% of the population
Globalisation
Increasing connectedness and interdependence of world cultures and economies
Interdependence
Two or more tthings depending on each other
Globalisation and distance
Through advanced technology, shipping and communication is easier. Distance keeps becoming smaller of a barrier over time.
Globalisation and space
The world becomes more homogeneous in terms of music, cuisine and culture.
Globalisation and time
Time looses significance in terms of communication and travel because of advanced technology
Elements of globalisation
Globalisation includes technological, political, environmental, economic and cultural elements
Technological globalisation
Advanced technology permits us to have instant communication, faster global transactions and start online businesses. Additionally, one can now work from home (home office). Tech companies like Google, Apple, Amazon are the most active in this type of globalisation.
Political globalisation
Through political globalisation politics move beyond the centrality of the nation state and there is the formation of international organisations like the EU or the NATO. There might now also be transnational political movements for the environment or human rights.
Environmental globalisation
This is any way in which a country could have an influence on the environment of another country, with or without it being the country’s own fault. This could include pollution, cloud seeding, resource depletion or natural causes like volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.
Economic globalisation
When countries become more connected through things like trade,investment,sharng ideas, making the world’s economy more interdepedent and interconnected .
Cultural globalisation
carrying on the ideas ,meanings,values around the world to extend and intensify social relations. This processed is
Trade
is the exchange of any good or services
International trade
voluntary exchange of goods or services between/among different countries ( if the transcations occurs a cross border )
History of international trade
trade was local -> trade becomes international (eg. Silk road) - trade was affected by empires and colonialism
Basis of international trade
resources ( are unevenly distrubuted , cause of differnces in the physical makeup e.g. Geology,relief soil climate ) physical ( lowland have greater agricultural potential , mountains atract tourist and promote tourism …) climate ( influences the type of flora &fauna hat can survive in given region ,diversity in the range of varoius products e.g wool in cold regions , tropicla = bananas ,rubber,cocoa )
TNC
Transnational corporations
MNC
Multinational corporations
Elements of trade
Volume of trade, Direction of trade, Composition of trade
Balance of trade
(BOT=exports-imports) The record of the total volume of goods and services which are exported and importend by a country to other countries. If positive, they export more than import, if negative, import more than export
Primary goods
Raw materials
Secondary goods
Manufactured goods
MEDC / LEDC trade comparison
LEDCs trade mostly raw materials, MEDCs buy these for a low price and turn them into high value goods. LEDCs tend to have negative BOT and MEDCs positive BOT
Internationalisation of TNCs
They don’t possess a central HQ that makes decisions for everyone which enables them to adapt to local markets more easily
Growth of TNCs
The global expansion of major product with worldwide markets
Global players (globalisation)
A company or institution with world-wide presence in production and/or distribution, or which is recognized as a brand, or as a leader in its market segment, by most consumers world-wide.
Index of globalisation
An index showing the globalization of a country. E.g.: KOF index, AT Kearney index
Elements of ATK index
Economic, personal, technological, and political
Evaluation of ATK index
Pros: covers 96% of world GDP, covers 84% of world population, allows for comparison between countries, allows for comparison over time. Cons: only 64 countries included, depends highly on weightings of elements, how do we measure cultural terms
Elements of KOF index
Economic, social, political
Evaluation of KOF index
Pros: allows for comparison of degree of/change in globalization, includes 158 countries, calculated with 24 different variables. Cons: results can be driven by missing values/extreme outliers, culture is mostly dependent on US cultural products.
China, TNCs and Gambia
TNC’s are not beneficial for everyone, in China TNC’s help make the country richer because of investment, but Gambia gets poorer because it creates further financial leakages because money flows back to other countries
Inequalities
When something is not equal, for example in status, rights, and opportunities
Financial leakages
Capital or income that diverges from some kind of integrative system
