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VAP II > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

List 6 funtions of the respiratory tract

A
  1. Pathway for air to lungs - oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange at the alveoli
  2. Olfaction (smell) in nasal cavity
  3. Phonation (vocalisation) at larynx
  4. Cleansing, warming and humidification of air
  5. Regulation of airflow
  6. Heat exchange (panting)
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2
Q

List four functions of the nose

A

Any of:

  • Entry point of air to the respiratory tract for oxygen requirements
  • Exit point of carbon dioxide from body tissues back into air
  • Warm and humidify air before it enters delicate tissues of lungs- highly vascular
  • Heat exchange mechanism
  • Filters air- traps foreign particles (i.e. dust, pollen) in mucus before they enter the
    respiratory tract to cleanse air before lungs; cilia to waft particles to be swallowed
  • Elicits the sneeze mechanism for removal of particles- highly innervated
  • Sense of smell (olfaction)
  • Pheromone detection
  • Behavioural: digging (pig), nuzzling (dog), grasping (elephant)
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3
Q

What is the nasal planum?

A

The highly keratinised, pigmented, hairless, mobile, rostral-most surface of the external nose

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4
Q

What is the rostral plate and in what animal is it found?

A

The flat, disk-shaped section at the end of a pig’s snout

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5
Q

What is the name of the bone (1) that is situated between the nostrils in pigs?

A

Os rostrale (rostral bone)

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6
Q

What is the name of the flat surface of the external nose in a cow?

A

nasolabial plate

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7
Q

What kind of cancers are non-pigmented nasal planums predisposed to?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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8
Q

What is the name of the midline groove in the nasal planum and upper lip?

A

Philtrum

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9
Q

What are the nasal vestibules? What sort of epithelium is found there?

A
  • The areas just inside the nostrils/nares that leads into the nasal cavity
  • Supported by nasal cartilage
  • Lined by stratified squamous epithelium to protect inside of nostrils from trauma and abrasion
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10
Q

What is the term for the pinched or narrowed nares of brachycephalic dogs?

A

Stenotic nares

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11
Q

What skull bones form the boundaries of the nasal cavity and support the nose (a) dorsally, (b) laterally, and (c) ventrally?

A

(a) Dorsally: Nasal

(b) Laterally: Maxilla & incisive

(c) Ventrally: Maxilla, palatine & incisive

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12
Q

Complete the diagram labelling. What cartilage is this an extension of?

A
  • Dorsolateral nasal cartilage
  • Dorsolateral and ventrolateral cartilages are extensions of the septal cartilage
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13
Q

Complete the diagram labelling. What cartilage is this an extension of?

A
  • Ventrolateral nasal cartilage
  • Dorsolateral and ventrolateral cartilages are extensions of the septal cartilage
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14
Q

Complete the missing label on the diagram.

This cartilage is attached to which other nasal cartilage by fibrous tissue?

A
  • Accessory cartilage
  • Accessory cartilage is attached by fibrous tissue to ventrolateral cartilage
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15
Q

What connects the nasal cartilages to the bones of the nose?

A

Ligaments (Dorsal nasal ligament, lateral nasal ligament)

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16
Q

What is the alar fold? Where is it found?

A
  • membranous extension of ventral nasal concha that widens and fuses to
    dorsolateral aspect of nasal vestibule
  • ventrolateral cartilage curves to meet dorsolateral cartilage and here support the
    alar fold
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17
Q

What is the term for the dorsal blind nasal passage/pouch formed by the alar fold in horses? What cartilage supports this?

A
  • nasal diverticulum “false nostril”
  • alar nasal cartilage
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18
Q

What is the name for the specialised muscles that dilate the nostrils in the horse (obligate nasal breather)?

A

Dilator naris (apical, medial & lateral parts)

19
Q

What are the muscles that help change the shape of the nostrils shared between dogs and horses.

A
  • Levator labii superioris (nasal part)
  • Caninus (labial part)
  • Levator nasolabialis
20
Q

The nasal cavity extends from the ________ to the ________.

A

The nasal cavity extends from the nostriles/nares to the choanae.

21
Q

What are the choanae (sing. choana)?

A

posterior nasal apertures - opening(s) between nasal cavity & nasopharynx

22
Q

What tissues make up the nasal septum throughout the nasal cavity from caudal to rostral?

A
  • Bone caudally- osseus septum extends mainly from ethmoid bone, but also nasal and frontal bones, and vomer bone
  • Membranous septum at junction of nasal cavity bones and nasal cartilages
  • Cartilage rostrally (septal cartilage of nasal cartilages)
23
Q

What is the term for the complex scroll-like structures
within the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal conchae

24
Q

What is the (tissue) structure of the nasal conchae?

A
  • Underlying bony turbinates (or cartilage)
  • Covered in well-vascularised specialised nasal mucosa
25
Q

What are some of the functions of the nasal conchae (list 5)?

A

Function is to increase surface area and air turbulence in the nasal cavity to

  • Warm air prior to lungs
  • Humidify air prior to lungs
  • Trap particles- dust, pollen, bacteria, viruses
  • Heat exchange mechanism

Also ethmoidal conchae play a role in olfaction.

26
Q

What nasal cavity conchae are coloured green in this diagram?

A

Dorsal conchae

27
Q

Describe the dorsal nasal cavity conchae (labelled green)

A

Dorsal conchae are elongated and loosely curled shelf of bone that extends from the ethmoid crest, with a mucosal fold rostrally into the nasal vestibule

28
Q

What nasal cavity conchae are coloured blue in this diagram?

A

Ventral conchae

29
Q

Describe the ventral conchae (blue)

A

Ventral conchae are large tightly folded scrolls in the rostral nasal cavity originating on the maxillary conchal crest, with the alar fold extending into the vestibule

30
Q

Describe the middle nasal conchae

A

Middle conchae extend rostrally behind the ventral nasal conchae from ethmoid crest (small in dog)

31
Q

What is the term for the nasal conchae coloured yellow in the diagram?

A

Ethmoidal conchae (ethmoturbinates)

32
Q

Describe the Ethmoidal conchae (ethmoturbinates) (yellow). What is the function of the ectoturbinates found in this region?

A

Ethmoidal conchae (ethmoturbinates) occupy the caudal part of the nasal cavity

  • Large ethmoidal conchae (endoturbinates) lie ventrocaudally in the dog nasal cavity
  • Dorsocaudal delicate, tightly scrolled conchae (ectoturbinates) have olfactory function- more developed in species that rely on their sense of smell
  • Project into frontal paranasal sinus also
33
Q

What are the names of the four meati (spaces) in the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Dorsal meatus
  2. Middle meatus
  3. Ventral meatus
  4. Common meatus
34
Q

What are the terms for the structures labelled 1-8 in the attached diagram of a horse’s nasal passages?

A
  1. Nasal septum
  2. Dorsal concha
  3. Ventral concha
  4. Common meatus
  5. Dorsal meatus
  6. Middle meatus
  7. Ventral meatus
  8. Venous plexus in nasal mucosa
35
Q

Where does a stomach tube get passed in horses and cows? What is the purpose of such tubes?

A
  • the medial aspect of the ventral meatus is used for passing a stomach tube past the pharynx
  • to collect stomach fluid, release gas or administer treatments
36
Q

What comprise the two layers of the nasal cavity mucosa (aka respiratory mucosa)?

A
  1. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  2. Lamina propria: fibrous connective tissue layer overlying periosteum (periosteum = membranous tissue that covers the surfaces of bones)
37
Q

What are some of the structures and functions involved with the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the respiratory mucosa in the nasal cavity?

A
  • Mucus is produced by Goblet cells to trap particles
  • Cilia are used to waft particles to pharynx to be swallowed
38
Q

What are some of the structures and functions involved with the lamina propria of the respiratory mucosa in the nasal cavity?

A

Lamina propria: fibrous connective tissue layer overlying periosteum:

  • Many mucous and serous glands secrete watery fluid via ducts to keep epithelium moist and humidify air
  • Highly vascular to warm air (but bleeds easily- ‘epistaxis’)
  • Venous plexuses in mucosa over ventral nasal conchae
  • Highly innervated to initiate sneezing as a protective mechanism
39
Q

What is the technical term for a nosebleed from the tissue that lines the inside of the nose?

A

Epistaxis

40
Q

What is the lateral nasal gland in dogs?

A
  • Serous gland in lateral wall of nasal cavity
  • Duct empties on lateral wall of vestibule
  • Believed to have a role in thermoregulation in the dog (they lack sweat glands in their coat)
  • Aids in heat dissipation from the body via the respiratory tract- keeps nasal cavity moist and allows evaporative cooling (panting also aids in thermoregulation)
  • Another theory is that it plays a role in socialisation

Part of figure C is shown in cross-section below.

41
Q

What are the nasolacrimal ducts?

A
  • Transport tears from the tear glands near the eyes into the nasal cavity
  • Ducts end near the alar fold in dogs - commonly obstructed in brachycephalic dogs
  • Ducts end at mucocutaneous junction in horses
42
Q

What sort of epithelium in the nasal cavity participates in olfaction and where is it found?

A
  • Olfactory epithelium contains special nerve endings which detect odour molecules and transmit the sensory information to the brain for interpretation
  • Olfactory epithelium is located over the ethmoidal conchae
    • Ethmoidal conchae are located just rostral to the ethmoid bone which contains many perforations to allow the Olfactory nerves (Cranial nerve I) to reach the olfactory lobes of the brain
43
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ/ What specialised response/function does it perform in carnivores and ungulates?

A
  • Aka Jacobsen’s organ
  • Located in rostral base of nasal septum, enclosed in cartilage
  • Olfactory epithelium with specialised sensory nerve endings for detection of pheromones
  • Incisive duct connects nasal and oral cavities so that pheromones can pass to vomeronasal organ
    • Only nasal cavity in horses
  • Flehmen response (upward upper lip curl)
    • Carnivores and ungulates only
    • Reproductive/ sexual messages in urine
    • Individual identification

VAP II (11 decks)

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