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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four stages in aerobic respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Link reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
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2
Q

Where do each of the stages of aerobic respiration happen?

A

Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of cells while the rest happens in the mitochondria

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3
Q

What are the first unit of respiration?

A

It is usually glucose but organisms can also break down other complex organic molecules to respire like fatty acids and amino acids

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3
Q

What is the process of glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells and involves splitting one molecule of glucose into two smaller molecules of pyruvate. This reaction does not require oxygen.

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3
Q

What are the structures that make up a mitochondrion?

A
  • outer mitochondrial membrane
  • inner mitochondrial membrane
  • cristae
  • mitochondrial DNA
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondrial matrix
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4
Q

What are the stages in glycolysis? (Phosphorylation and Oxidation)

A
  1. glucose is phosphorylated into hexose biphosphate
  2. hexose biphosphate is split into 2 x triose phosphate
  3. Triose phosphate is oxidized to form two molecules of pyruvate
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5
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2x pyruvate
  • 2 reduced NAD
  • net gain of 2 ATP
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6
Q

What are the steps in the link reaction?

A
  1. Pyruvate is decarboxylated- removed CO2
  2. NAD becomes reduced by collecting hydrogen from the pyruvate to form acetate
  3. Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl-coA
    (NO ATP is produced)
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7
Q

How does pyruvate enter the matrix of the mitochondria before the link reaction?

A

They are actively transported into the mitochondria

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8
Q

What are the steps in the Krebs Cycle?

A
  1. Acetyl-coA enters the krebs cycle and loses coA to become an acetyl group
  2. The acetyl group combines with oxoacetate to from citrate
  3. Citrate is converted to a 5 carbon compound through dehydrogenation (NADH) and decarboxylation (CO2)
  4. This 5 carbon compound also undergoes dehydrogenation (NADx2 and FADH2) and decarboxylation (CO2) and substrate level phosphorylation (ATP)
  5. The formed oxaloacetate then combines with another acetyl group and the cycle is repeated
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9
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction between an acetyl group and oxaloacetate?

A

Citrate synthase

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10
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation in relation to respiration?

A

This is the process where the energy carried by electrons, from reduced coenzymes is used to make ATP. This process happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces a lot of ATP.

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11
Q

What are the steps in oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. hydrogen atoms are released from the reduced coenzymes and then split into H+ ions and electrons 2. The electrons move along the electron transport chain- losing energy at each carrier
  2. The energy provided by the electrons is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space
  3. As the concentration of H+ ions is higher in the intermembrane space than the matrix it form an electrochemical gradient
  4. H+ ions move down this gradient back into the matrix through channels/ATP Synthesase which causes phosphorylation of ADP into ATP
  5. At the end in the matrix the H+, O2 and electrons combine to form water
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12
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

The electron transport chain happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is where electrons lose energy as they are passed between carriers.

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13
Q

Why is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded into cristae?

A

This increases the membrane’s surface area to maximize respiration.

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14
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Chemiosmosis is the process when H+ ions move down the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthesase which produces ATP

15
Q

What is oxygen referred to in the stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

It is referred to as the final electron acceptor

16
Q

How much ATP can one cell make from one molecule of glucose?

A

32 ATP

17
Q

What is different about anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration doesn’t involve the link reaction, the Krebs cycle or oxidative phosphorylation as it does not require oxygen

18
Q

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

A

Alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation

19
Q

How are aerobic and anaerobic respiration similar?

A

They both start with glycolysis and take place in the cytoplasm

20
Q

What is different between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

A

They differ in which organisms they occur in and what happens to the pyruvate

21
Q

What is lactate fermentation?

A

Reduced NAD transfers hydrogen to pyruvate to form lactate and NAD. The NAD can then be reused in glycolysis

22
Q

Why can glycolysis continue when there isn’t much oxygen around?

A

The production of lactate regenerates NAD and glycolysis needs NAD to take place.

23
Q

Why do humans only respire anaerobically for short periods of time?

A

Our cells can tolerate a high level of lactate/low pH conditions for short periods of time e.g during hard exercise when they cannot get enough ATP from aerobic respiration

24
Q

Why can humans not have a lot of lactate present?

A

Too much lactate is toxic and is removed from the cells into the bloodstream. The liver takes up the lactate from the bloodstream and converts it back to glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis

25
Q

What are the steps in alcoholic fermentation?

A
  1. CO2 is removed from pyruvate to form ethanal
  2. Reduced NAD (from glycolysis) transfers hydrogen to ethanal to form ethanol and NAD
  3. NAD can then be reused in glycolysis
26
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration release less energy than aerobic respiration?

A
  • ATP yield is always lower in anaerobic than aerobic respiration because anaerobic respiration only includes one energy-releasing stage which only produces 2 ATP molecules. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation need oxygen so they don’t happen during anaerobic respiration.
27
Q

What other substances can cells respire?

A

Cells respire glucose but they can also respire other carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Any biological molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy is called a respiritory substrate.

28
Q

What is the order of energy released from respiratory substrates?

A
  • The highest is lipids
  • proteins
  • The lowest is carbohydrates
29
Q

Why do lipids produce more ATP/energy than carbohydrates?

A

They contain more hydrogen atoms per unit of mass so more ATP can be formed in oxidative phosphorylation

30
Q

What is the respiritory quotient?

A

This is the volume of carbon dioxide produced when the substrate is respired, divided by the volume of oxygen consumed in a set period of time.

31
Q

Why is the respiritory quotient for an organism useful?

A

This is useful because it tells you what kind of respiratory substrate an organism is respiring and what type of respiration it is using

32
Q

What do high respiratory quotients mean?

A

It means that the organism is short of oxygen and is having to respire anaerobically as well as aerobically

33
Q

What do low respiratory quotients mean?

A

Plants sometimes have a low RQ. This is because the CO2 released in respiration is used for photosynthesis so it is not measured.

34
Q

How would you conduct an experiment to measure aerobic respiration in yeast?

A
  1. add a known volume and concentration of glucose into a test tube
  2. add a known volume of buffer solution
  3. place test tube in a water bath at 25 to ensure the temperature stays constant- leave for at least 10 mins
  4. add a known mass of dried yeast and stir for two minutes
  5. when the yeast is dissolved add a bung attached to a gas syringe set to 0
  6. start a stopwatch as soon as the bung is put in
  7. measure the volume in the syringe per minuite or at regular time intervals
  8. make sure to repeat the experiment and use a control
35
Q

How would you conduct an experiment to measure anaerobic respiration?

A
  1. set up the apparatus the same as the aerobic experiment
  2. after the yeast has dissolved add some liquid paraffin to create a layer above the yeast and glucose solution
  3. measure the volume in the gas syringe at regular time intervals
36
Q

How can you measure the rate of respiration?

A

Use a respirometer

37
Q

How would you use a respirometer to measure the respiration rate of small organisms?

A
  1. set up the apparatus
  2. put soda lime in each test tube to absorb CO2
  3. One tube has the small organism on a gauze and the other has beads of the same mass as the small organism
  4. Add colored fluid to the manometer and use a syringe to set the fluid to a known level
  5. Leave the apparatus for a set period of time
  6. the decrease in the volume of air used by the small organism will cause a change in level in the manometer so read the distance moved in a period of time to measure the volume of oxygen taken in per minute
  7. to make the results more precise repeat multiple times and calculate a mean

Biology (26 decks)

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