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DMS 101- Ultrasound Physics > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Horizontal Axis
A) X-axis
B) Y-axis

A

x-axis

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2
Q

vertical axis
A) X-axis
B) Y-axis

A

y-axis

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3
Q

Definition of Unrelated

A

two items not associated with each other. Ex) hair color and height

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4
Q

Definition of Related

A

2 items associated with each other. Ex) weight is related to dieting

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5
Q

Definition of directly related

A

when one increases so does the other. Ex) clothing size to ones weight

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6
Q

inversely related or inversely proportionate

A

one item increases while the other decreases. Ex) golf score and experience

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7
Q

reciprocal relationship

A

when 2 numbers are multiplied together to equal 1. Ex) 2 and 1/2

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8
Q

What do waves carry?

A

energy

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9
Q

what type of wave is sound

A

longitudinal and mechanical

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10
Q

Sound that has a frequency beyond the limits of perception by the human ear

A

ultrasound

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11
Q

sound that is below 20hz

A

infrasound

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12
Q

sound that is above 200hz

A

ultrasound

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13
Q

animals that use ultrasound(high freq- treble)

A

bats and dolphins

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14
Q

animals that use infrasound(low freq-bass)

A

elephants

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15
Q

A-mode/ Amplitude modulation

A

Amplitude is displayed as a vertical deflection of the baseline (Spike).
It was used for ophthalmology.
No longer used.
X-axis= depth, y-axis=amplitude

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16
Q

B-mode/ brightness mode

A

B-Mode is a two-dimensional ultrasound image display composed of echo signals displayed as a dot on a screen.
The brightness of each dot is determined by the amplitude of the returned echo signal.
This allows for visualization and quantification of anatomical structures

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17
Q

Real Time Imaging

A

function of B-mode ultrasound whereby the image is produced by a sweeping of the beam through the tissue via electronic scanning.

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18
Q

m-mode/ motion mode

A

An image that is used for analyzing moving body parts (commonly use in cardiac and fetal cardiac imaging)
Essential to documenting fetal heart motion in early pregnancy

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19
Q

how does high freq affect depth and resolution

A

high freq = less depth and better resolution

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20
Q

PIEZOELECTRIC PRINCIPLE

A

A property of certain materials to create a voltage when they are mechanically deformed

Modern crystals are made of a piezoelectric ceramic know as Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)

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21
Q

A vibration that
travels in the form of a wave

A

SOUND

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22
Q

is a wave which is not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum. It requires a medium in order to transport their energy from one location to another. A sound wave is an example this wave. Sound waves are incapable of traveling through a vacuum.

A

mechanical wave

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23
Q

is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction which the wave moves.

A

longitudinal wave

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24
Q

wave that motion of particles is perpendicular to source

A

transvers

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25
Q

Propagate meant to….

A

travel

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26
Q

…..is a propagating variation of quantities called acoustic variables

A

sound

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27
Q

Acoustic Variables:

A

pressure
density
Distance also referred to as particle motion

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28
Q

concentration of force =

A

pressure

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29
Q

concentration of mass or weight =

A

density

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30
Q

small portion of the medium through which the sound is traveling. Particles oscillate back and forth as a sound wave travels. =

A

Distance (Particle Motion)

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31
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

The long axis of a scan performed from the
subject’s side where the slice divides the anterior
from the posterior or the dorsal from the ventral in
the long axis

A

coronal

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32
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

A cross-sectional view

A

Transverse

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33
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

The long axis plane

A

Sagittal
(Longitudinal)

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34
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

4 Interchangeable terms indicating the direction
towards the head

A

Superior, Cranial,
Cephalad,
Rostral

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35
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

Indicating the direction towards the feet

A

inferior

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36
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

A structure ling towards the back of the subject

A

Posterior or
Dorsal

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37
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

A structure lying towards the front of the subject

A

Anterior or
Ventral

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38
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

Towards the midline

A

medial

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39
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

Away from the midline

A

lateral

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40
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

Towards the origin

A

proximal

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41
Q

anatomical scanning terms:

Away from the origin

A

distal

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42
Q

Utilizes sound waves of very high frequency (2MHz or
greater). It is propagated via waves of compression and
rarefaction, and requires a medium (tissue) for travel.
The higher the frequency, the less depth penetration,
however the resolution is improved.

A

ultrasound

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43
Q

Is the parameter of an ultrasound imaging system that
characterizes its ability to detect closely spaced
interfaces and displays the echoes from those interfaces
as distinct and separate objects. The better the
resolution, the greater the clarity of an ultrasound
image.

A

resolution

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44
Q

Convert one form of energy to another. Ultrasound
transducers convert electric energy into ultrasound
energy and vice versa. Transducers operate on
piezoelectricity meaning that some Materials (ceramics,
quartz) produce a voltage when deformed by an applied
pressure, and reversely results in a production of
pressure when these materials are deformed by an
applied voltage.

A

transducers

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45
Q

A decrease in amplitude and intensity, as sound travels
through a medium. Attenuation occurs with absorption
(conversion of sound to heat), reflection (portion of
sound returned from the boundary of a medium, and
scattering (diffusion or redirection of sound in several
directions when encountering a particle suspension or a
rough surface). These different forms of attenuation are
responsible for artifacts that may be in your
image. Some of these artifacts are useful and some are
not. Some artifacts are produced by improper
transducer location or machine settings.

A

attenuation

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46
Q

Audible sound waves ranges….lie within the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz.

A

lie within the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz.

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47
Q

Clinical
ultrasound systems use transducers are between what Mhz

A

between 2 and 17 MHz.

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48
Q

A structure that does not produce any internal echoes

A

anechoic

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49
Q

A two-dimensional display of ultrasound. The A-
mode spikes are electronically converted into dots and displayed at the correct depth from the
transducer

A

B-Mode
Brightness
modulation

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50
Q

Refers to a mass that has both fluid-filed and solid areas within it

A

complex

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51
Q

This term is used to describe any fluid-filled
structure, for example, the urinary bladder

A

cystic

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52
Q

Sound is not weakened (attenuated) as it passes
through a fluid-filled structure and therefore the
structure behind appears to have more echoes than
the same tissue beside it

A

enhancement (acoustic)

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53
Q

The number of complete cycles per second (Hertz)

A

Frequency

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54
Q

Refers to the amount of amplification of the returning echoes

A

gain

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55
Q

A trans-sonic material which eliminates the air
interface between the transducer and the animal’s
skin

A

gel couplant

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56
Q

Of uniform appearance and texture

A

homogenous

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57
Q

A relative term used to describe an area that has
decreased brightness of its echoes relative to an
adjacent structure

A

hypoechoic

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58
Q

Also a relative term used to describe a structure
which has increased brightness of its echoes relative
to an adjacent structure

A

hyperechoic

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59
Q

is the motion mode displaying moving structures
along a single line in the ultrasound beam

A

m-mode

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60
Q

An artifact that is usually due to the gain control being too high

A

noise

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61
Q

Failure of the sound beam to pass through an object,
e.g. a bone does not allow any sound to pass through
it and there is only shadowing seen behind it

A

shadowing

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62
Q

Compensation for attenuation is accomplished by
amplifying echoes in the near field slightly and
progressively increasing amplification as echoes
return from greater depths

A

time gain compensation TGC

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63
Q

Is the speed at which a sound wave is traveling. In
soft tissue at 37 degrees C. sound travels at 1540
m/second

A

Velocity (of
sound):

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64
Q

the ability to distinguish 2 structures that are close together as separate reflectors

A

spatial resolution (mm)

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65
Q

the ability to distinguish subtle differences is similar tissue

A

contrast resolution (dynamic range: db)

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66
Q

……. is a mechanical, longitudinal wave in which back and forth particle motion is parallel to the direction of wave travel

A

sound

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67
Q

if something OTHER than pressure, density or distance(particle motion) is in the rhythmic oscillation then it is not a ………

A

sound wave

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68
Q

………. is a point on a medium through which a longitudinal wave is traveling which has the maximum density.

A

compression

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69
Q

…… is a point on a medium through which a longitudinal wave is traveling which has the minimum density (coils spread out).

A

rarefactions

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70
Q

The number of complete variations (cycles) an acoustic variable goes through in 1 second of time

A

frequency

71
Q

The time it takes for one cycle to occur

A

period

72
Q

…….. is measured in microseconds because ultrasound is in MEGAhertz

A

ultrasound

73
Q

if frequency increases then period ……

A

decreases

74
Q

1/FREQUENCY (MHz) =

A

period (μs)

75
Q

Assuming the period is 1/60 μs, what is the frequency?

A

60 MHz

76
Q

The length of space over which one cycle occurs

A

wavelength

77
Q

Speed at which a wave moves through a medium

A

propagation speed

78
Q

does propagation speed depend on sound source or medium

A

medium

79
Q

what is the average of sound in human tissue

A

1540m/s

80
Q

the propagation speed, is determined by the ……… and …….. of the medium through which it is passing

A

density, stiffness

81
Q

The propagation speed is primarily determined by the …….. since ……. is the opposite of compressibility.

A

stiffness

82
Q

T/F
ALL acoustic waves , even those with different frequencies, travel at the same speed through a particular medium.

A

true

83
Q

increased stiffness means decrease/increase propagation speed

A

increase

84
Q

increased density means decrease/increase propagation speed

A

decrease

85
Q

which has the highest propagation speed…..gases, liquids, solids

A

solids

86
Q

Sound waves travel at equal/unequal speeds through different media

A

unequal

87
Q

T/F
Sound waves will travel at the same speed through the same media regardless of the frequency

A

true

88
Q

propagation speed (mm/μs) / frequency (MHz) =

A

wavelength (mm)

89
Q

wavelength decreases and frequency increase/decrease

A

increase

90
Q

………….. is determined by the sound source (frequency that is being used) and the medium (prop. speed in that tissue).

A

wavelength

91
Q

Measure of how loud the sound would be if it could be heard

A

amplitude

92
Q

Relates to the strength of the wave

A

amplitude

93
Q

how can you change the amplitude?

A

change gain

94
Q

The initial amplitude is determined by the sound source and it decrease/increase as it travels deep into the body.

A

decrease

95
Q

power (W) / area (cm2) =

A

intensity (W/cm2)

96
Q

power increase and intensity decrease/increase

A

increase

97
Q

area increase and intensity decrease/increase

A

decrease

98
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

Frequency Hz, MHz

A

sound source

99
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

Period s, ms

A

sound source

100
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

Amplitude

A

sound source

101
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

Intensity watts/cm2

A

sound source

102
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

Propagation speed m/s, mm/µs

A

medium

103
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

Wavelength mm, cm

A

both

104
Q

……. is primarily used for Doppler and it involves continuous generation of ultrasound waves, coupled with continuous ultrasound reception.

A

continuous wave ultrasound (cw)

105
Q

……..ultrasound systems use a transducer that alternates transmission and reception of ultrasound for real time imaging and Doppler

A

pulsed wave (pw)

106
Q

A two crystal transducer accomplishes this dual function with one crystal devoted to each function

does continuous wave or pulsed wave use this

A

continuous wave

107
Q

The main advantage of ………Doppler is its ability to measure high blood velocities accurately.

A

continuous wave

108
Q

The time from the start of a pulse to the end of that pulse, the actual time that the pulse is “on”.

A

pulsed duration

109
Q

can pulse duration be changed by sonographer?

A

No

110
Q

OF CYCLES X PERIOD=

A

pulse duration

111
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

pulse duration

A

sound source

112
Q

Number of pulses occurring in 1 second

A

pulse repetition frequency

113
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

pulse repetition frequency

A

sound source

114
Q

can pulse repetition frequency be change by sonographer?

A

yes, by depth knob

115
Q

imaging depth increase, pulse repetition frequency decrease/increase

A

decrease

116
Q

is the time from the start of one pulse to the start of the next pulse.

A

pulse repetition period

117
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

pulse repetition period

A

sound source

118
Q

1/ pulse repetition period =

A

pulse repetition frequency

119
Q

pulse repetition frequency increase, pulse repetition period ……

A

decreases

120
Q

The length or distance that an entire pulse occupies in space

A

spatial pulse length

121
Q

Determined by Sound source, Medium, or Both

spatial pulse length

A

both just like wavelength

122
Q

cycles in pulse X wavelength=

A

spatial pulse length

123
Q

frequency increase, spatial pulse length ……

A

decrease

124
Q

A rule we should always use the (highest/lowest) frequency probe we deem reasonable when beginning an exam

A

highest

125
Q

the piezoelectric principal is a property of certain materials to create a (…..) when they are mechanically deformed

A

voltage

126
Q

T/F
ultrasound frames that are rapidly being replaced creating a motion picture effects are called “rapid time scanning”

A

False - Real time scanning

127
Q

sound is a (……) that travels in the form of a wave

A

vibration

128
Q

sound requires a (…..) in order to travel

A

medium

129
Q

T/F
when frequency increases, penetration decreases

A

true

130
Q

in b-mode scanning the brightness of the dot is proportional to the echo signal (……)

A

amplitude

131
Q

which of the following determines the propagation speed of a sound wave through a medium?

A

medium

132
Q

which of the following terms describe the # of variations an acoustic variations an acoustic variable goes through in a second

A

frequency

133
Q

Which of the following is important in discussing bioeffects and safety of ultrasound imaging?

A

intensity

134
Q

term relates to the “strength” of sound

A

amplitude

135
Q

as freq increases the power will (…..)

A

decrease

136
Q

which of the following term describes the amount of time it takes for once cycle to occur?

A

period

137
Q

wavelength is measure of …….

A

distance

138
Q

T/F
ultrasound travels best through a vacuum

A

false

139
Q

the initial amplitude of the ultrasound beam is determined by sound source (machine) and does not change as it propagates through the body

A

false

140
Q

T/F
Continuous wave can create anatomic images

A

false

141
Q

reflection only occurs if there are?

A

different acoustic impedances

142
Q

the …… is the location where intensity is at its greatest (highest power over the smallest area) and represents the focal point of ultrasound beams.

A

spatial peak

143
Q

we can expect attenuation to ….. as we increase our frequency

A

increase

144
Q

in pulsed ultrasound, which of the following terms describes length of space over which one pulse occurs?

A

spatial pulse length

145
Q

refraction requires …… incidence?

A

oblique

146
Q

we use our …. to adjust for attenuation in tissue

A

time gain compensation TGC

147
Q

T/F
the initial amplitude of the ultrasound beam is determined by sound source and the amplitude is effectively decreases as it propagates through the body

A

true

148
Q

which of the following determines the propagation speed of a sound wave through a medium

A

medium

149
Q

which of the following terms describes the number of pulses occurring in one second

A

pulse repetition frequency

150
Q

there are no known bioeffects in tissue at intensities below 100mW/cm^2 …….

A

SPTA

151
Q

3 dB of attenuation means reduction of the original intensity to …….. of the original

A

one half

152
Q

10 dB of attenuation means a reduction of the original intensity to …….. of the original

A

one tenth

153
Q

Attenuation coefficient (dB/cm)=

A

Frequency/2

154
Q

Attenuation coefficient (dB/cm) x path length=

A

attenuation

155
Q

Density (kg/m3) X Propagation speed (m/s)=

A

Impedance (Rayls) =

156
Q

…….. only occurs if there are:
different acoustic impedances between the two media and perpendicular incidence!

A

Reflection

157
Q

……. requires Oblique Incidence and Different Propagation Speeds

A

Refraction

158
Q

Physics of refraction is described by …..

A

Snell’s Law

159
Q

All of the following describe intensity EXCEPT

A) number of cycles per second

B) relates to the strength or penetration of sound

C) the concentration of energy in a sound beam

D) the power in a wave divided by the area over which it is spread

A

A

160
Q

An ultrasound beam that is normally incident on an interface will experience no…….?

A

refraction

161
Q

This type of scattering can occur with small reflectors and is common when scanning near moving red blood cells.

A

Rayleigh scattering

162
Q

Ultrasound absorption is directly proportional to ________________

A) viscosity

B) frequency

C) depth

D) all of the above

A

D) all of the above

163
Q

velocity x time =

A

range

164
Q

The range equation relates….

A

distance, velocity and time

165
Q

The duty factor for a system with a pulse duration (PD) of 5 µs and a pulse repetition period (PRP) of 500 µs is…?

A

DF = PD/PRP = 5/500 = 1/100 = 1%

166
Q

There are no known bioeffects in tissue at intesities below ____________ SPTA focused.

A) 1000 mW/cm2
B) 1 W/cm2
C) 100 W/cm2 SPTA
D) A & B

A

D

167
Q

Reflection requires …..

A

Perpendicular incidence and different acoustic impedances

168
Q

The trade name for lead zirconate titanate is ________

A

PZT-5

169
Q

The physics of refraction is described by Curie’s Law

T/F

A

False, Snells Law

170
Q

Sound travels fastest in _________________.

A

solids then water

171
Q

If two media have different stiffnesses, the one with the higher stiffness will have the higher propagation speed. True or False?

A

True

172
Q

Refraction only occurs when you have …….

A

Oblique incidence and different propagation speeds

173
Q

In soft tissue, sound will travel _______ in 1 µs.

A

1.54mm

always match units

DMS 101- Ultrasound Physics (1 decks)

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