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Politics: UK politics > mocks yr13 paper 1 > Flashcards

mocks yr13 paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

name 3 positives and negatives of direct democracy

A

positives
- direct participation
- builds community - may encourage cooperation
- organisation easier in 21st century due to technology

negatives
- can divide communities
- people may not have the knowledge to make big decision
- impractical in modern day - slow

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2
Q

name 3 positives and negatives of representative democracy

A

positives
- people with expertise may decisions on behalf of the public
- more practical having a smaller population of delegates rather than the whole population
- representatives can give a voice to a minority

negatives
- delegates may act self interested
- people become lazy and do not participate in politics
- minority groups may be left unheard

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3
Q

4 features of UK democracy in 21st century?

A
  • free and fair elections
  • protects rights
  • corruption is held to account and punished
  • devolved decision making bodies
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4
Q

who cannot vote?

A
  • under 18s
  • convicted felons
  • royal family
  • those declared medically insane
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5
Q

4 methods of participation?

A
  • voting in an election
  • joining a political party
  • signing petitions
  • joining a pressure group
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6
Q

why may people be put off voting? (4 reasons)

A
  • differences between parties is blurred since 1990s
  • lack of trust in politicians due to scandals and corruption
  • people are more interested when there is an issue at hand
  • electoral system - wasted votes
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7
Q

3 reasons how to improve participation?

A
  • online voting - easier and may reach youth audience who are apathetic
  • lowering age
  • compulsory voting - seen in australia
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8
Q

what are the 3 main types of pressure groups and an example for each?

A
  • cause group - lobby for a specific cause (eg. extinction rebellion)
  • interest group - lobby in the interest of their own members (eg. BMA)
  • peak group - lobby for businesses (eg. CBI)
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9
Q

name 3 methods of pressure groups?

A
  • public campaigning - demonstrations
  • civil disobedience - throwing paint on things
  • legal action - bring case to supreme court
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10
Q

3/4 factors that influence the success of pressure groups?

A
  • group size
  • insider/outsider status
  • wealth
  • public support
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11
Q

how to pressure groups enhance or threaten democracy? 3 reasons each

A

enhance
- disperse power and influence
- educate public
- another method of participation

threaten
- some pressure groups are in the hands of elitists - unfair
- may distort info encouraging people to support claim
- passive participation - not voting

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12
Q

whats a think tank, lobbyist, corporation?

A
  • think tank - experts investigating policy to influence (eg. chatham house - international affairs)
  • lobbyist - persuade politicians to favour group or cause
  • corporation - companies influencing politics
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13
Q

brief summary of 5 key developments of rights?

A

magna carta
common law
statute law
HRA 1998
equalities act 2010

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14
Q

are rights protected in UK? - 3 points each

A

for
- strong common law tradition
- subject to ECHR
- judiciary upheld independence principles even to oppose gov wishes

against
- common law sometimes set aside - can be vague
- ECHR can be repealed as parliament is sovereign
- increasing pressure on gov to change rights in interest of national security

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15
Q

3 examples of conflicting individual vs collective rights

A
  • freedom of expression vs hate speech
  • demonstrate in public spaces vs freedom of movement in a community
  • right to privacy vs report on matters of public interest
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16
Q

2 pressure groups concerned with rights?

A
  • amnesty international - human rights abuses (eg. windrush)
  • the fawcett society - gender equality
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17
Q

4 features of political parties?

A
  • people holding similar views
  • wish to gain governmental power
  • organisation into hierarchy
  • membership
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18
Q

3 functions of political parties?

A
  • educate public on issues important to them
  • improve society
  • select suitable candidates for positions
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19
Q

3 ways political parties are funded?

A
  • donations
  • fundraising - conference, festivals
  • membership subscriptions
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20
Q

should parties be funded by the state? 3 points each

A

for
- end corruption of donations (used to pressure)
- gives smaller parties more opportunities
- stop hidden forms of influence

against
- funded through tax - some may object to this
- difficult to decide on how to distribute funding - past performance?
- may lose independence - ‘organs of the state’

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21
Q

3 left wing beliefs?

A
  • distribute income from wealthy to poor via taxation
  • welfare state
  • support aid to poorer countries
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22
Q

3 right wing beliefs?

A
  • low tax to encourage private enterprise and create incentives to work
  • welfare benefits low to stop dependency culture
  • national unity and patriotism
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23
Q

3 one nation conservative beliefs? + examples

A
  • noblesse oblige (eg. increased funding for schools)
  • need for welfare state
  • accepts mixed economy - encourages private enterprise
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24
Q

3 new right conservative beliefs? + examples

A
  • individual wealth shouldn’t be taxed
  • welfare state - dependency culture (eg. universal credit)
  • wary of immigration (anti-EU and pro-america) (eg. brexit)
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25
Q

3 old labour beliefs? + examples

A
  • equality through redistribution (eg. increased min wage in 2025)
  • rehabilitation in law
  • diplomacy in international matters (eg. corbyn voted against action in syria)
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26
Q

3 new labour beliefs? + examples

A
  • mixed economy (eg. blair didn’t reverse thacther privatisation)
  • strong criminal justice sense (eg. 2019 manifesto to recruit more police offiers)
  • diplomacy doesn’t always work - military intervention
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27
Q

3 old libdem beliefs? + examples

A
  • free market free trade (eg. against 2019 increase of corporation tax)
  • personal freedom
  • smaller state - spending
    (eg. coalition - tuition fees)
28
Q

3 new libdem beliefs? + examples

A
  • enabling state (eg. 2019 reverse school funding cuts)
  • wealth based tax system (eg. 2019 tax on corporation increase)
  • welfare state for freedom and eq. of opportunity
29
Q

brief look at SNP?

A

left wing
- scottish independence (eg. want 2nd referendum)
- lifting benefit caps
- investment in renewable energy

30
Q

what are some importances and limitations of smaller parties? 3 points each

A

for
- distribute votes to other parties
- small parties split vote in marginal constituencies
- affect large parties if appear threatening

against
- support limited to certain region
- FPTP - doesn’t care if vote is wide but shallow
- large parties may poach ideas - taking their votes

31
Q

evidence of a dominant party system?

A
  • conservatives have dominated executive in recent years
  • even minority gov have held power
32
Q

evidence of a 2 party system?

A
  • FPTP ensures only conservatives or labour
33
Q

evidence of a multi party system?

A
  • minority parties seats are on the rise (eg. 2024 green party gained 3)
  • more notice of these parties
34
Q

3 factors affecting party success?

A
  • leadership
  • valence
  • press
35
Q

explain the process of FPTP

A
  • members of a constituency place 1 vote each for a representative (party)
  • the party with most votes over other candidates wins (plurality system)
  • winning party doesn’t need absolute majority of votes (50%+)
  • used for westminister elections
36
Q

name 4 outcomes of FPTP

A
  • safe seats with a minority of marginal seats
  • discriminates against parties with wide spread votes but not concentrated in constituencies (winners bonus)
  • produces a strong single party government
37
Q

name advantages and disadvantages of FPTP? 3 points each

A

advantages
- single, clear winner with a mandate to govern - majority
- prevents extremist parties from coming to power
- simple to understand - more participation then more complex processes
disadvantages
- doesn’t always guarantee a clear winner - coalition and minority parties in gov
- despite few seats, extremist parties can still exert a movement and gain support
- encourages tactical voting - not entirely realistic of views (eg. electoral reform society estimated 6.5 mill tactically vote sin 2017)

38
Q

explain the process of SV voting system

A
  • 1st and 2nd votes
  • if no one has 50% after 1st votes, 2nd added
  • 2nd round, 2nd votes for others are transferred to first 2
  • previously used in London mayoral and PCC elections
39
Q

name 4 outcomes of SV voting system

A
  • less votes wasted
  • ‘2 horse race’ - not focus restricted to 1 party
  • alliances between parties - adopting policies to gain secondary votes
  • secondary votes for parties they ‘dont mind’ - not extremist parties (moderate instead)
40
Q

name advantages and disadvantages of SV voting system? 3 points each

A

advantages
- winner has overall support
- relatively simple - doesn’t put people off voting
- first and second choices are relevant
disadvantages
- still a 2 party system - discriminatory
- winner may not gain majority of first choices
- still wasted votes

41
Q

explain the process of AMS voting system

A
  • 2 votes: candidate and party
  • 2/3 seats allocated through constituencies voting for candidate
  • 1/3 selected through list system of parties putting candidates
  • proportional - 60% of votes = 6 seats
  • used in scottish and welsh parliaments
42
Q

name 4 outcomes of AMS voting system

A
  • small parties can win seats despite not winning constituencies
  • 2 types of representatives
  • proportionality
  • party reps do not have distractions of constituencies
43
Q

name advantages and disadvantages of AMS voting system? 3 points each

A

advantages
- proportional outcomes and fair
- 2 votes - more choice
- constituency representation with proportion
disadvantages
- more complex
- can result in extremist, minority, or coalition gov
- produces 2 classes of representatives

44
Q

explain the process of STV voting system

A
  • 6 seats available in each constituency - each party can put as many candidates up
  • voters rank them
  • winning candidates elected via quota (votes/seats + 1)
  • if no one reaches quota losers votes transferred - continued until 6 seats are filled
  • used in Northern Ireland Assembly & NI and Scottish Local Council elections
45
Q

name 4 outcomes of STV voting system

A
  • proportionality
  • multi party system
  • encourages power sharing - coalitions are norm
  • weakened constituency links
46
Q

name advantages and disadvantages of STV voting system? 3 points each

A

advantages
-simple choice of ranking
- broadly proportional - no wasted votes
- wider choice - not limited
disadvantages
- calculating and counting is a long, complex process
- lines of accountability not clear - 6 representatives
- coalitions or minority govs could be unstable

47
Q

arguments for and against electoral reform? 3 each

A

for
- fptp delivers unproportional results
- votes are wasted in fptp
- tactical voting wont be necessary
against
- fptp creates decisive strong stable government with strong constituency links
- other systems waste fewer (SV) if any votes (STV)
- complex systems may decrease participation even more

48
Q

arguments for and against wider use of referendums? 4 each

A

for
- purest form of modern democracy (direct)
- can unite people and resolves conflicts (eg. 1998 good friday agreement)
- people may be encouraged to educate themselves and participate
against
- some issues are too complex for public
- referendums can cause societal divisions (eg. brexit)
- tyranny of the majority - especially in close results (eg. brexit)

49
Q

2 examples of referendums in the uk

A

2014 scottish independence
for = 44.7% against = 55.3%
turnout = 84.6%

brexit
for = 51.9% against = 48.1
turnout = 72.2%

50
Q

why are referendums held?

A
  • to resolve issue that had divided government
  • constitutional significance - public importance
  • another form of democracy
51
Q

in 1997 how much of AB class voted conservative & DE class voted labour?

A

AB = 41%
DE = 59%

52
Q

in 2019 how much of AB class voted conservative & DE class voted labour?

A

AB = 45%
DE = 39%

53
Q

how is class important in voting behaviour?

A
  • class voting and division is expressed in multiple niche, intersections of society -interlink factors
  • education can be reflected in class
  • class plays important role is campaigns and how individuals are targeted
54
Q

the significance of age based voting

A
  • age divisions are prominent in recent elections
  • reflects the methods parties may use to target their audiences
  • the nature of the parties ideologies can present the age groups that they may ‘favour’ in terms of securing votes - the issues most important
55
Q

the significance of region based voting

A
  • the cultural values in each region can determine how they vote (eg. the north tends to vote labour - working class background)
  • specific issues may sway the vote (eg. brexit)
56
Q

the significance of gender based voting

A
  • gender has very little impact on voting
  • women tend to vote labour more - perhaps due to progressive attitudes
  • age can play into this factor (2019 more women 18-24 voted for labour than men)
57
Q

the significance of ethnicity based voting

A
  • BME voters may tend to vote labour more considering conservatives anti-immigration attitudes
  • other factors such as wealth may overtake this factor - many asian hindu voters have become wealthier overtime and therefore lent towards conservatives more
  • could be influenced by representation in the parties
58
Q

the significance of voting based on valence

A
  • party unity - stable?
  • image - can you trust the leaders?
  • history of the leader/party - are they competent in governing?
59
Q

the significance of voting based on party leadership

A
  • party image - how do they collectively represent the whole party?
  • personality - are they likeable?
  • competency - their professionality and experience?
60
Q

the significance of voting based on issues

A
  • people may see elections as a referendum - if you vote one party they will resolve an issue in a certain way
  • people may consider whether the party is competent to deal with the issue
61
Q

the significance of voting based on campaigns/manifestos

A
  • have candidates campaigned to prove their devotion to the role?
  • are campaigns memorable?
  • have campaigns reached other voters?
  • whether the manifesto conforms to voters beliefs
62
Q

4 positives and negatives of opinion polls?

A

positives
- polls give politicians valuable info to appeal to the voters more
- polls are published - creates more discourse and interest in elections (participation)
- people may be encouraged to vote if parties are close
negatives
- can often be inaccurate (2017 - didn’t pick up youth voters)
- unrepresentative - some voters may not take part that couldve changed the result
- people may be put off voting if one party if far ahead

63
Q

influence of print media

A
  • negative representation of parties and policies may encourage them to change
  • the press can influence voter perception - the sun ‘wot won it’
  • politicians can write articles in newspapers expressing their attitudes - making them seem closer to the people
64
Q

influence of broadcast media

A
  • mainstream broadcast is usually impartial - viewers can form their own decisions
  • hidden bias - broadcasters have been accused of passively expressing bias
  • live debates
65
Q

influence of social media

A
  • reach wider audience - young people
  • can encourage passive participation - not interacting
  • educates people in a more digestible way

Politics: UK politics (7 decks)

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