MICROSCOPE FOR MIDTERMS Flashcards
an instrument that makes an enlarged image of a small object, thus revealing details too small to be seen by the unaided eye
Microscope
They are Dutch spectacle makers— credited with creating the first compound microscope, a device with two lenses that magnified objects
Hans and Zacharias Janssen
an Italian astronomer, developed a compound microscope with a convex and concave lens, which he used to study insects
Galileo Galilei
an English scientist who published “Micrographia,”
Robert Hooke
Robert Hook published this book called _______, a groundbreaking book containing detailed illustrations of a microscopic observations, including the first description of cells
Micrographia
Used a microscope with one lens to observe insects and other specimen; first to observe bacteria
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
The development of achromatic lenses by _______, an English optician
Chester Moore Hall
An English optician who significantly improved the quality of microscopes by reducing chromatic aberration
Chester Moore Hall
a British optician, who further refined achromatic lenses, which makes microscopes more powerful & precise
John Dollond
an English scientist, developed the achromatic objective lens, which greatly the resolution of microscopes
Joseph Jackson Lister
_______, a German lens maker, collaborated with _______ to produce microscopes with superior optical quality
Carl Zeiss
Abbe
The invention of the electron microscope by ___________ and _________ revolutionized microscopy, allowing scientists to visualize objects at much higher magnifications
Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
The development of the phase-contrast microscope by _______________ enabled the visualization of transparent biological specimens
Frits Zernike
3-D specimen images possible with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope by ____________ and ____________
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
Also known as the eyepiece; located at the top of the microscope.
It is used to look at the specimen.
Come in different magnification powers from 5x to 30x, but the most common are of 10x or 15x magnification
Ocular Lens
Also called the revolving turret.
It houses all the objective lenses.
It can be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise to increase or decrease magnification.
Nose Piece
It is the lens closest to the specimen. They are fitted to the nosepiece.
A standard microscope has 3-4 objective lenses of different magnifying powers: 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x.
Are color coded and are of different sizes.
Objective Lens
Also known as the “iris”.
It is an adjustable apparatus, with a primary role of controlling the amount of light that reaches the specimen.
Diaphragm
These are lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen.
They play a major role in ensuring clear, sharp images are produce with a high magnification of 400x and above.
The higher the magnification of the condenser, the clearer the image.
Condenser
Its purpose is to provide even, high intensity light at the place of the field aperture, so that light can travel through the condenser to the specimen.
Illuminator
Also called body tube or eyepiece tube.
It is a cylindrical metallic tube that holds the eyepiece lens at one end and connects to the nose piece on the other end.
The light coming from the objectives will bend inside this tube.
Head
This part connects the base to the head and vice versa.
It supports the head of the microscope and is also used when carrying the microscope.
Arm
A flat surface that holds the microscope slide securely in place.
Equipped with clips or a mechanical arm to prevent slide movement.
Allows precise and smooth movement of the slide along the X and Y axes.
Mechanical Stage
Located next to or underneath the stage for easy slide movement.
Move the stage horizontally (X-axis) and vertically (Y-axis).
Allow for precise positioning and centering of the specimen for observation.
Stage Controls
A large knob used for rapid movement of the objective lenses.
Primarily used to bring the specimen into approximate focus.
Works best for low-power objective lenses to quickly find the specimen.
Coarse Adjustment
A smaller knob used for precise focusing.
Moves the stage or objective lenses in small increments.
Essential for sharpening the image, especially with high-power objectives.
Fine Adjustment
The heavy structure at the bottom of the microscope.
Provides stability to prevent the microscope from tipping.
Houses electrical components, such as the light source.
Base
Adjusts the intensity of the light shining on the specimen.
Ensures optimal lighting conditions for viewing different specimens.
Prevents over-illumination, which can cause glare or wash out details.
Brightness Adjustment
Turns the light source on or off.
Controls the power supply to the illumination system.
Usually located on the base or side of the microscope for easy access.
Light Switch
Parts of a Microscope that are for Magnifying
- ocular lens
- objective lens
Parts of a Microscope that are used for the Mechanical
- nose piece
- head
- arm
- mechanical stage
- coarse adjustment
- fine adjustment
- stage controls
- base
Parts of a Microscope that are used for illuminating
- diaphragm
- condenser
- illuminator
- brightness adjustment
- light switch
This type of microscope is defined as the type that uses a single lens for the magnification of the sample
Simple Microscope
What Type Of Microscope:
It is common among the watchmakers as they can view a magnified image of the smallest parts.
It is also used by the jewellers for obtaining a magnified image of the fine parts of the jewellery.
Used in coin or stamp collecting for close-up viewing.
Simple Microscope
Type of microscope that is the most widely used microscope. It is defined as a microscope that has more than one lens. It can magnify up to 2000x.
Compound Microscope
Type of Microscope:
The combination of lenses enhances the magnification of the sample. The sample is first viewed as a primary image in the tube and viewed again in the eyepiece.
Compound Microscope
Type of Microscope
The study of bacteria and viruses is possible with the help of a _______
A compound microscope finds application in forensic laboratories.
It is also used in metallurgy
Most educational institutions such as schools and colleges use compound microscope in their laboratories.
compound microscope.
A type of a microscope that utilizes a beam of electrons for illumination and electron optics for magnification, offering much higher resolution than light microscopes.
Electron Microscope
Two Types of Electron Microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM
and
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
This type of electron microscope operates by transmitting a high-energy beam of electrons through an ultra-thin specimen, typically less than 100 nanometers thick. It can magnify up to 250,000x.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
This type of Electron Microscope uses a focused beam of electrons that scans across the surface of a specimen. Instead of transmitting through the sample, SEM detects secondary electrons emitted from the surface, creating a detailed three-dimensional image of the specimen’s topography.
It can magnify up to 100,000x.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
Biological Research: To investigate the ultrastructure of cells, tissues, and viruses.
Material Science: For analyzing the composition and structure of metals, polymers, and nanomaterials.
Quality Control: In industrial settings, electron microscopes help in failure analysis and quality assurance of manufactured products
Electron Microscope
A type of microscope: An optical instrument designed for low magnification observation of specimens. It provides a three-dimensional view by using two separate optical paths, one for each eye, allowing for depth perception.
Stereomicroscope
WHAT TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
For dissection and studying the anatomy of organisms.
Electronics: In circuit board inspection and soldering tasks.
Manufacturing: For quality control and inspection of small parts.
To study rocks, minerals, and fossils in detail.
Stereomicroscope
True or False
Microscopes allow microbiologists to examine the shapes and sizes of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
For example, light microscopy is used to visualize bacterial shapes (e.g., cocci, bacilli) and their arrangements (chains, clusters). Electron microscopes can observe viruses, which are often too small for light microscopy.
True
True or False
Microorganisms can be classified based on morphological characteristics and staining techniques, such as the Gram stain, used to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
This is crucial for diagnosing infections and determining appropriate treatments.
True
True or False
Microscopes, especially advanced techniques like transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), provide detailed views of the internal and external structures of cells. This includes organelles, membranes, and cell wall compositions, helping to understand microbial physiology and pathology.
True
True or False
Time-lapse microscopy and fluorescent microscopy allow researchers to observe microbial growth, reproduction, motility, and biofilm formation in real time.
This aids in the study of disease mechanisms, including how pathogens invade host cells.
True
True or False
Fluorescence microscopy, particularly with the use of fluorescent dyes or genetic markers like GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein), is essential in tracking gene expression and protein localization within microbial cells. This application is vital for understanding molecular interactions and functions within microbes.
True
True or False
Microscopes are used to study the diversity and interactions of microorganisms in their natural habitats, including soil, water, and biofilms.
They can help visualize symbiotic relationships, competition, and the roles microbes play in ecosystems (e.g., nutrient cycling).
True
True or False
In clinical settings, microscopes are indispensable for detecting pathogens in patient samples. Light microscopy is often used in conjunction with staining techniques (e.g., Ziehl-Neelsen staining for Mycobacterium tuberculosis) to identify pathogens directly from biological specimens.
True
True or False
Microscopy aids in the study of how bacteria respond to antibiotics at the cellular level. Techniques like confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) are used to visualize biofilm development, which contributes to antibiotic resistance.
True
True or False
Electron microscopy is crucial for studying viruses, their structure, and the mechanism of infection. As viruses are smaller than most bacteria, advanced microscopy techniques are needed to view them and understand how they interact with host cells.
True
True or False
Microscopy enables the study of how pathogens invade host tissues, evade immune responses, and establish infections. Confocal and fluorescence microscopy are particularly useful for live imaging of these processes in real-time.
True
True or False: (handling a microscope) 1
Always use two hands to move the microscope. Place one hand around the arm, lift the scope, and then put your other hand under the base of the scope for support.
Be gentle. Setting the microscope down on the table roughly could jar lenses and other parts loose. The microscope seems like a simple instrument, but each lens (eyepiece and objective) is actually made up of a number of other lenses.
Always have clean hands when handling your microscope.
True
True or false: storing the microscope
Return the lowest power objective in place
Wrap the cord around the base
Dust is an enemy to microscope lenses; always keep the microscope covered when not in use.
True
True or false: cleaning the microscope:
Don’t let the microscope get too dirty – always use the dust cover when not in use.
To clean the eyepiece – use a high quality lens paper. First brush any visible dust from the lens, and then wipe the lens. Do not use facial tissues, they are made from ground up wood fibers and could damage the lenses.
To clean the objective lenses – use a fresh piece of the lens paper each time so that you don’t transfer dust from one lens to another.
Use lens paper on all glass parts of the microscope.
Clean oil immersion lens with chemicals provided by your instructor
True
super-resolution microscopy techniques
Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy
Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM)
Used to visualize bacterial shapes and their arrangement
Light Microscopy
Can observe viruses, which are often too small for light microscopy
Electron Microscope
Used to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Gram stain
Allow researchers to observe microbial growth, reproduction, motility, and biofilm formation in real time
Time-lapse microscopy and Fluorescent microscopy
fluorescence microscopy, particularly with the use of __________ or ________ like __________, is essential in tracking gene expression and protein localization within microbial cells. This application is vital for understanding molecular interactions and functions within microbes.
fluorescent dyes or genetic markers like GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)
used to visualize biofilm development, which contributes to antibiotic resistance
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
Don’t let the microscope get too dirty- always use ______ when not in use
Dust Cover
To clean the eyepiece - use a high quality ________
Lens paper
