Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Special Pop Exam 3 > Liver/GI Part 1 > Flashcards

Liver/GI Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

in hepatic portal circulation, the vein is located between ____________

A

2 capillary beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

function of the hepatic portal vein

A

collecting blood from capillaries in visceral structures located in the abdomen and empties into the liver for distribution to the hepatic capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hepatic veins return blood to

A

the inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the largest internal organ

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the liver is ____________ of the total body mass of adults

A

2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the liver receives ____________ % of CO

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does the liver receive blood

A

from two sources - oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein (each vessel provides roughly 50% of hepatic oxygen supply)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sympathetic innervation from ____________ controls resistance in the hepatic venules

A

T3 to T11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Changes in compliance in the hepatic venous system contribute to ____________

A

the regulation of cardiac output and blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the presence of reduced portal venous flow, the hepatic artery can ____________

A

increase flow by as much as 100% to maintain hepatic oxygen delivery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

“hepatic arterial buffer” response

A

the reciprocal relationship between flow in the two afferent vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

liver blood supply vs liver oxygen supply

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

8 functional anatomic segments of the liver

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

functions of the liver

A

the liver carries out essential metabolic, detoxifying, and regulatory functions to keep the body healthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

liver role in metabolism

A
  • The liver metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamins and regulates energy balance.
  • The liver plays a major role in the metabolism of nutrients such as glucose nitrogen and lipids and detoxifies chemicals, including lipophilic medications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

liver dysfunction affects the metabolism of

A

nutrients and xenobiotics and negatively impacts nearly every other organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the liver do to amino acids

A

the liver is capable of deamination of amino acids, which is required for energy production or the conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates or fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does deamination of amino acids do

A

Deamination produces ammonia, which is toxic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is an additional source of ammonia

A

Intestinal bacteria are an additional source of ammonia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The liver removes ammonia through ____________

A

the formation of urea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what important nutrients does the liver store?

A
  • vitamin A, D, E, K, B12, iron, and minerals
  • glycogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

____________ can be converted to glucose when the body needs energy.

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T/ F In patients with altered liver function, blood glucose concentration can rise several fold higher than the postprandial levels found in patients with normal hepatic function.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is detoxification

A

The liver neutralizes chemicals and drugs in the blood and readies them for excretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The liver contains ____________ which destroy bacteria and remove foreign particles from the blood.

A

Kupffer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the liver produces ____________ that combat infections

A

immune factors and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

liver blood filtration rate

A

The liver filters about 1.4 liters of blood per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does the liver remove from blood

A

toxins, waste products, bacteria, and old red blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what clotting factors are and are not produced in the liver

A

The liver produces clotting factors and proteins that help the blood clot and prevent excessive bleeding.

All of the blood clotting factors, with the exception of factors III (tissue thromboplastin), IV (calcium), and VIII (von Willebrand factor), are synthesized in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

vitamin K is reqiured for synthesis of ____________

A

prothrombin (Factor II)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what factors is vitamin K required for

A

factors VII, IX, and X.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

most abundant plasma protein made by the liver

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

functions of albumin

A

It maintains oncotic pressure, transports lipids and hormones, and has antioxidant properties

34
Q

Serum albumin levels reflect

A

liver function and nutritional status.

35
Q

coagulation factors are responsible for

A

hemostasis and anticoagulation

36
Q

immunoglobulins are responsible for

A

humoral immunity and defense

37
Q

C-reactive protein increases dramatically during

A

inflammation and infection

38
Q

CRP activates ____________ and ____________

A

complement and phagocytosis

39
Q

This copper-binding glycoprotein made in the liver carries 90% of plasma copper and has ferroxidase activity.

A

cerloplasmin

40
Q

what transports lipids through the circulation

A

lipoproteins

41
Q

function of α-1 antitrypsin

A

made by the liver protects tissues from proteases like elastase.

42
Q

low levels of α-1 antitrypsin

A

increase risk of emphysema.

43
Q

clinical significance of plasma protein production

A

Levels indicate liver function and protein status

44
Q

deficiencies of plasma protein production

A

Deficiencies cause edema, bleeding, lipid issues, infections

45
Q

The liver produces a wide range of vital plasma proteins involved in critical physiological processes. Dysfunction impairs ____________, ____________, and ____________

A

transport, immunity, coagulation.

46
Q

The liver metabolizes amino acids and converts excess amino acids to ____________

A

glucose or ketone bodies.

47
Q

the liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to ____________

A

urea

48
Q

The liver takes up amino acids from the blood and regulates ____________

A

systemic amino acid levels.

49
Q

In response to inflammation or injury, the liver increases production of certain plasma proteins called acute phase proteins. Examples are ____________ and ____________

A

C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A.

50
Q

The liver can synthesize glucose from amino acids through ____________. This helps maintain blood glucose when glucose supply is low.

A

gluconeogenesis

51
Q

The liver stores amino acids in the form of proteins like ____________

A

albumin

52
Q

The liver makes carrier proteins that transport various compounds like ____________

A

bilirubin, hormones, metals, drugs.

53
Q

T/F The liver synthesizes most of the coagulation factors and fibrinolytic proteins involved in blood clotting and thrombus dissolution.

A

TRUE

54
Q

____________ is a soluble plasma glycoprotein synthesized by the liver and megakaryocytes (bone marrow cells)

A

fibrinogen

55
Q

During coagulation, ____________ converts fibrinogen into fibrin forming the fibrin meshwork of a blood clot

A

thrombin

56
Q

10-15% is of fibrinogen is produced by ____________ which helps maintain adequate fibrinogen level even in severe liver disease

A

megakaryocytes

57
Q

Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize drugs through chemical reactions like ____________, ____________ and ____________

A

oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

58
Q

____________ system metabolizes ~75% of all medications

A

P450

59
Q

what do P450 enzymes do to drugs

A

makes drugs more water-soluble (polar) for easier excretion into the bile or urine

60
Q

The liver can activate a ____________ into its active form through metabolism. It can also convert an active drug into an inactive metabolite, reducing ____________

A

prodrug; its pharmacological effects.

61
Q

Liver impairment or disease like ____________ can significantly impact the metabolism and clearance of many drugs. Doses may need adjustment in such patients to avoid toxicity.

A

cirrhosis

62
Q

What do Phase I reactions do

A

modifies drug with functionalization actions resulting in loss of pharmacologic activity

63
Q

what do phase II reactions do?

A

conjugates the metabolite with a second molecule (glucuronic acid, sulfate, glutathione, amino acid, or acetate) forming a covalent link

64
Q

Factors like ____________ (4) affect hepatic metabolizing enzymes, altering the efficacy and side effects of medications.

A

age, genetics, drug interactions, and comorbidities

65
Q

The liver helps detoxify and excrete drugs, but drug metabolites may also be ____________

A

more toxic than the parent drug in some cases.

66
Q

50% of currently manufactured drugs are metabolized by ____________

A

a single CYP

67
Q

Rate of metabolism can be increased or decreased with ____________

A

coadministration of 2 drugs metabolized by the same enzyme system

68
Q

Enzyme induction hastens ____________ and promotes tolerance

A

metabolism

69
Q

function of LFTs

A

Measure levels of enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin to assess liver function and identify liver injury

70
Q

causes of hepatic dysfunction based on LFT results

A
71
Q

____________ is more specific for liver injury than ____________

A

ALT; AST

72
Q

____________ and ___________indicate cholestatic liver disease

A

ALP and GGT

73
Q

Mechanical ventilation with positive pressure can impair ____________ and ____________

A

venous return and cardiac output, reducing perfusion

74
Q

Drugs used during anesthesia like inhaled anesthetics, propofol, opioids can cause systemic vasodilation, decreasing ____________

A

hepatic vascular resistance and blood flow.

75
Q

Low blood pressure reduces perfusion pressure to the liver. Causes include ____________ (3)

A

hypovolemia, blood loss, effects of anesthetic drugs.

76
Q

Increase in central venous pressure is caused by factors like

A

mechanical ventilation, fluid overload, heart failure can increase CVP, hindering hepatic blood flow

77
Q

Surgical manipulation during procedures like liver resection or transplant can directly ____________

A

occlude inflow or outflow vessels.

78
Q

effects of anesthesia and hepatic blood flow

A
  • ↑ in CVP
  • hepatic vascular occlusion
  • ↓ cardiac output
  • endothelial dysfunction
  • compression of IVC
79
Q

Coexisting conditions like sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury can impair ____________ needed for blood flow.

A

vasodilation

80
Q

Improper positioning or abdominal packing pushing on inferior vena cava can obstruct ____________

A

hepatic venous return.

81
Q

effects of spinal anesthesia on the liver

A

Special Pop Exam 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions