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GI System > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual and submandibular

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2
Q

where are the 3 salivary gland located in the mouth

A

side of face, in the jaw and under the tongue

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3
Q

what are the components of saliva

A

water, mucins, alpha-amylase, electrolytes and lysozymes

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4
Q

what NS controls the salivary glands

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

what nerves control the salivary gland in the parasympathetic NS

A

cranial nerves VII (facial) and IX (glossopharygneal)

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6
Q

which nerve controls the GI tract in the parasympathetic NS

A

vagal nerve

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7
Q

what type of nerve is the vagal nerve

A

cranial nerve

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8
Q

the stimulation of the parasympathetic NS in the salivary gland causes what

A

profuse watery salivary secretion

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9
Q

stimulation of the sympathetic NS in the salivary secretion causes what

A

small volume of viscous salivary secretion

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10
Q

what two receptors are activated to control the activation of saliva in the SNS

A

alpha1 adrenoceptors (high mucus content) and beta2 adrenoceptors (high amylase content)

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11
Q

what is the function of the soft palate in the mouth

A

controls for the connection between the nasal area and the oral area

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12
Q

what is a bolus

A

ball of chewed food

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13
Q

as the bolus approaches the oesophagus, what happens

A

upper oesophageal sphincter (valve) relaxes and epiglottis covers opening to the larynx

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14
Q

what is peristalsis

A

sequence of contractions of pharyngeal muscles to push the bolus down the oesophagus

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15
Q

what happens during receptive relaxation of the stomach

A

relaxation of thin, elastic smooth muscle of gastric fundus and body

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16
Q

what happens when food is digested too quickly

A

it changes osmolarity (low to high)

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17
Q

what is intrinsic factor

A

a substance secreted by the stomach which enables the body to absorb vitamin B12

18
Q

what is the upper stomach called (near the sphincter)

A

cardiac region

19
Q

what is the antrum

A

bottom of the stomach

20
Q

what is the pyloric region

A

the region that separates the stomach from the duodenum (small intestine)

21
Q

what is the extra muscle layer in the muscularis externa of the stomach

A

oblique muscle layer

22
Q

where is the mechanical digestion located at in the stomach

A

antrum

23
Q

what do gastric glands do

A

responsible for the control of gastric secretion

24
Q

what does the body of the stomach secrete

A

mucus, HCl, pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

25
Q

what does the antrum secrete

A

gastrin

26
Q

what cells secrete gastrin (hormone) in the stomach

A

G2 cells

27
Q

what does the surface of the mucous cell secrete

A

mucine

28
Q

what does mucous neck cells secrete

A

mucus

29
Q

what do chief cells in the gastric gland secrete

A

pepsinogen

30
Q

what do parietal cells in the stomach secrete

A

intrinsic factor and HCl

31
Q

what is the function of HCl in the stomach

A

used for sterilization and digesting food

32
Q

what does CO2 react with in the stomach and what does it produce

A

it reacts with water and produces carbonic acid (H3CO3)

33
Q

when the carbonic acid dissociates, what are the products

A

H+ and HCO3- (bicarbonate)

34
Q

where does the H+ go after dissociating

A

to the lumen, in exchange for K

35
Q

what pump does the H+ go through

A

potassium proton ATPase pump

36
Q

where does the HCO3- go after dissociating

A

to the blood

37
Q

what pump does HCO3 go through to get to the blood

A

chloride bicarbonate exchanger

38
Q

where does chloride go as it enters the parietal cell

A

goes through another pump to get to the stomach lumen

39
Q

what is the pH inside the stomach lumen

A

<2

40
Q

what is it called when there is a temporary raise in pH of the blood

A

post brandium alkalinization

41
Q

what is the enzyme that can phosphorylate any protein

A

kinase

GI System (5 decks)

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