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Nature Nurture > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA?

A

genetic information for an organism

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2
Q

Where is DNA in a cell?

A

nucleus

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3
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

twister ladder called a double helix

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4
Q

Describe the relationship between chromosomes, DNA and gene

A

DNA makes chromosomes
Chromosomes contain genes
Gene codes for a specific protein

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5
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Building block of DNA
Contains: phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a base

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6
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA? What base pairs with what?

A

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

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7
Q

What bonds hold together the bases in DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

What is RNA?

A

Is single-stranded and does not have to stay in the nucleus

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9
Q

Describe how DNA and RNA are similar and how they differ

A

DNA: Thymine, can NOT leave the nucleus double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar

RNA: Uracil, can leave the nucleus, single-stranded, ribose sugar

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10
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

The process in which cells make proteins

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11
Q

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translation

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12
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is copied to mRNA, which carries the information needed for protein synthesis
- in nucleus

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13
Q

Step 1 of transcription

A

Initiation
- enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene (promoter)
- causes DNA to unwind so enzymes can read bases in 1 strand of DNA

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14
Q

Step 2 of transcription

A

Elongation
- RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule
- A + U, C + G

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15
Q

Step 3 of transcription

A

Termination
- occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a termination sequence in the gene.

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16
Q

Translation

A
  • mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • attaches to a ribosome
  • ribosome makes polypeptide
  • ribose moves along strand reading codon
17
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotides found on the mRNA that codes for the specific amino acid
starting codon - AUG

18
Q

What is mRNA? What are its bases?

A

messenger ribonucleic acid
adenine + uracil
cytosine + guanine

19
Q

How is mRNA paired with DNA?

A

A + U
C + G

20
Q

What is the role of the ribosome?

A

Translating the genetic code copied in mRNA into an amino acid sequence

21
Q

What is a polypeptide chain?

A

A string of amino acids connected together.

22
Q

polypeptide vs protein

A

a polypeptide is a chain of many amino acids, and a protein contains one or more polypeptides

23
Q

What is tRNA? What is the role of tRNA?

A

Transfer ribonucleic acid
transport amino acids to the mRNA strand at the ribosome

24
Q

What is a triplet?

A

a sequence of three nucleotides

25
Q

What is a mutation?

A

changes in DNA and genes

25
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

3 nucleotide sequences found on the tRNA that binds to the mRNA sequence

26
Q

When do mutations occur? What causes them?

A

occur randomly due to errors in DNA replication

27
Q

How is a point mutation different from a deletion/addition mutation?

A

point: involve the replacement of one base with another

deletion/addition: occur when a base is added or removed from the sequence

28
Q

How do mutations impact protein synthesis?

A
  1. DNA affected (Substitution, Insertion, Deletion)
  2. mRNA copied incorrectly
  3. Codes for wrong amino acid(s)
  4. Part of polypeptide is missing (no functioning protein)
29
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

causes: CAG segment is repeated 120 times (should be 10-35)

symptoms: Movement, mood and
thinking skills are affected

30
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

causes: deletion of one amino acid at position 508 in the CFTR protein.

symptoms: damages your lungs,
digestive tract and other organs.

31
Q

Sickle Cell Anaemia

A

causes: haemoglobin folds differently, changing the shape of the red blood cell

symptoms: Swelling of hands and feet, vision problems

Nature Nurture (2 decks)

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