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Core 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average lifespan for females & males?

A
  • Females: 85
  • Males: 81
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2
Q

What is the average lifespan for ATSI females and males?

A
  • Females: 75
  • Males: 71
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3
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of disease in groups or populations

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4
Q

What does allow epidemiology allow health researches to do?

A
  • Obtain picture of health status of population
  • Analyse patterns of health and disease
  • Identify how health services are being used
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5
Q

What are the measures of epidemiology?

A
  • Morbidity
  • Mortality
  • Incidence
  • Prevalence
  • Infant Mortality
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6
Q

What is mortality?

A

Refers to death rates - how many people died, how they died & over what period

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7
Q

What is morbidity?

And associated measures

A

Illness and disease
Prevalence: number of existing cases of a condition
Incidence: number of new cases of a condition

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8
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Average number of years of predicted life from a certain age

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9
Q

What are the top five leading causes of death?

A
  1. Coronary Heart Disease
  2. Dementia
  3. COVID-19
  4. Cerebrovascular Disease
  5. Lung Cancer
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10
Q

What are the top five leading causes of death in females?

A
  1. Dementia
  2. Coronary Heart Disease
  3. Cerebrovascular Disease
  4. COVID-19
  5. Lung Cancer
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11
Q

What are the top five leading causes of death in males?

A
  1. Coronary Heart Disease
  2. Dementia
  3. COVID-19
  4. Lung Cancer
  5. Cerebrovascular Disease
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12
Q

How are health issues prioritised?

A

How much they contribute to burden of illness on the community

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13
Q

How are priority health issues identified?

A
  1. Priority Population Groups
  2. Social Justice Principles
  3. Cost to Individual & Community
  4. Prevalence of Condition
  5. Potential for Prevention and Early Detection
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14
Q

What are the social justice principles?

A
  • Equity
  • Creating Supportive Environments
  • Diversity
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15
Q

How do the social justice principles help in determining health priority issues?

A

Allows proffessionals to identify areas of inequity and apply social principles to address the issues

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16
Q

How do priority population groups help in determining health priority issues?

A

Allows authorities to:
- Determine health disadvantages of a group
- Have a better understanding of social determinants
- Identify prevalence of disease and injury in groups
- Determine the needs of groups in relation to social justice principles

17
Q

How does prevalence of condition help in determining health priority issues?

A

Shows mortality and morbidity and helps identify risk actors which can result in potential change in that area. A high prevalence shows the health and economic burden of that area

18
Q

How does potential for prevention help in determining health priority issues?

A

Most diseases are suffered from lifestyle behaviours which can be hard to change as they reflect environmental situation. Change requires individual behaviours and environmental determinants which have modifiable factors that lead to improved health. The easier ut is for an individual to modify these factors and decrease the risk of the disease, the less priority it is.

19
Q

How does cost to individual and community help in determining health priority issues?

A

Those experiencing illness also experience financial loss, loss of productivity, diminshed quality and emotional stress. Treatment and medical costs can be more than the individual can afford AND make them exhausted, affecting their quality of life through income

All of these place an economic burden on the economu=y

20
Q

What are examples of direct and indirect costs?

Name what they are as well

A
  • Direct: Direct costs that result from the disease itself - diagnosis, treatment and prevention
  • Indirect: Costs that result from others being affected - Output lost when workers are too ill to work or die prematurely, retraining workers, lost earnings
21
Q

Define inequity

A

Situations or actions that lack fairness or justice

22
Q

Define inequality

A

Social or economic differences between people or groups

23
Q

What is the nature of inequities in ATSI people?

A
  • Lower life expectancy
  • Higher morbidity
  • Higher mortality
  • Higher infant mortality
24
Q

What is the extent of mortality health inequities in ATSI people?

A
  • 922 per 1000 death rates
  • Death rates dropped by 10% from 2006-2018 but a similar drop was seen in Non-Indigenous people so the gap remains
  • Death rate for ATSI diabetes is 5 times as high for Non-Indigenous Australians
  • Death for for ATSI COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is 3 times high than Non-Indigenous
25
What is the extent of infant mortality health inequities in ATSI people?
* 83% of all infant deaths are ATSI * 2.4 times the rate of Non-ATSI people * Attributed to birth trauma, poor foetal growth, unhealthy pregnancies * 6.8 deaths per 1 000 live births
26
What is the extent of morbidity health inequities in ATSI people?
* Most burden of disease from chronic disease and injuries * 2.3 times the non-Indigenous population * Leading cause of morbidity was mental health problems/substance abuse * 20.3% of ATSI teens were hospitalised from self harm * Diabetes, smoking, cancer and kidney disease
27
What is the extent of life expectancy health inequities in ATSI people?
Men: 71 compared to 81 Women: 75 compared to 85
28
How do sociocultural factors contribute to ATSI health inequities?
* Prevalence of smoking, drinking, drugs and physical inactivity are high risk factors passed through families * ATSI are three times more likely to smoke compared to non-ATSI * ATSI mothers are more likely to smoke during pregnancy & hcildren are more likely to grow up in the house with a smoker * 94% of children don't meet daily fruit and veg intake * 99% of males and 96% of females don't eat recommended serves of food * 89% don't meet physical activity guidelines
29
How do socioeconomic factors contribute to ATSI health inequities?
* ATSI more likely to fall into lower SES, higher unemployment status, lower education rates and have a greater dependence on welfare * Higher risk choices, poorer diet, less employment opportunities as resulst in reduced income and ability for protective health behaviours * More likely for blue collar and physical jobs, leading to unhealthy coping mechanisms like smoking and more physical harm
30
How do environmental factors contribute to ATSI health inequities
* Greater disparity in number of ATSI people in rural and remote areas * 1 in 7 ATSI people live in remote or very remote areas * Affects duet, access to early preventative measures, health literach and availability of emergency medical care and specialised medical care
31
What is the role of governments in ATSI health inequities?
* 2006 Close the Gap Campaign is a social justice initiative that aims to achieve health equity for ATSI by 2030 * Promoting health and influencing healthy choices through providing funds to assist in education and early intervention and prevention techniques * Medicare with PBS scheme * Royal Doctor Flying Service promotes health in Rural and Remote areas by providing healthcare services to those who don't have common diseases and require specialised treatment and flying patients to better medical services
32
What is the role of communities in ATSI health inequities?
* Advocating change and assisting in lobbying governments to promote healthy living * Implementing policies and strategies directed to meeting specialised needs of the community * Multi-purpose health centres * Using government funding to create local immunisation programs to decrease the rates of infant mortality * ATSI parenthood support and youth centres for social crime prevention
33

PDH Core 1 (1 decks)

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