Development Flashcards
What is development?
The process of change that affects/ improves people‘s quality of life
What are the factors of the Human Development Index?
Life expectancy
Mean years of schooling + literacy rate
GDP per Capita
What is fertility rate?
The average number of briths per woman
What is infant mortality rate?
The number of children who die before their 1st birthday
What is GDP?
Total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year
What is death rate?
The number of deaths per 1000 people annually
What are the five stages of Rostow’s Modernisation Theory?
Traditional society (subsistence farming)
Pre-conditions to take-off (commercial agriculture)
Take-off - Industrial Revolution causes rapid growth
Drive to maturity - range of industries become established, earlier industries decline
Age of mass consumption - rapid growth in tertiary sector to produce consumer goods
What does Rostow’s model suggest?
All countries will develop in the same way over time
What are the criticisms of the Rostow model?
Suggests there is only one capitalist path to development
Describes how they develop without explanation
Does not address structure in current global economy which disadvantage developing nations
Implies that age of mass consumption is a desirable goal
What is Top Down development?
Large-scale projects focused on driving economic development
Try to boost tourism and start multiplier effects for regions without the say of locals
What are the advantages of top down development?
Lot of funding
Creates jobs
Improves trade and travel
Enhances country’s global reputation
Attracts investment
What are the disadvantages of top down development?
Don’t meet the needs of people
Locals aren’t highly involved in decision making
Uneven benefits
What is neo-liberalism?
Government has limited control of the economy
What is Frank’s model?
A core of countries that manipulate world trade
Periphery of countries that produce them but are poorer
Semi-periphery that are in the middle
What were Frank’s ideas?
Critical of capitalism
Critical of importing raw material
Critical of world trade as it only benefits rich countries
What are criticisms of Frank’s model?
Not all colonised countries remained poor (Singapore)
Some socialist countries are still poor (Cuba)
Trade can benefit some countries (South Korea)
What are bottom up projects?
Small-scale projects targeted to benefit local communities
What are the advantages of bottom-up projects?
Tailored to specific needs of locals
Sustainable to maintain
Good for environment
Doesn’t cost that much
What are the disadvantages of bottom-up projects?
Not easily transferable to the needs of people in different environments
Doesn’t have a wide impact
What is neo-colonialism?
When wealthier countries take resources from poorer countries
What is topography?
Landscape of a region
Explain one way in which systems of governance can cause inequality?
Political views may not prioritise distribution of wealth, making collective development more difficult
