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CRIMINOLOGY > CRIM PAST PAPER Qs (YEAR 2) > Flashcards

CRIM PAST PAPER Qs (YEAR 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are some aims or objectives of the CPS?

A
  • To prosecute offenders
  • To bring about justice
  • To be independent, fair, open (transparent) and honest
  • To treat everyone with respect
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2
Q

What is the source of the funding of the CPS?

A

Taxation

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3
Q

What are types of court in the criminal justice system in England and Wales?

A

Magistrates’ Court
* Crown Court
* High Court
* Court of Appeal
* Supreme Court

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4
Q

What is the governmental (parliamentary) process for making laws

A

Green paper – a consultative stage.
* White paper – where formal proposals are set out.
* A Bill enters Parliament – into either the House of Commons or the House
of Lords.
* several stages for a Bill to pass through each House:

1) First Reading
2) Second Reading
3) Committee Stage
4) Report Stage
5) Third Reading

  • When both Houses have agreed and voted on the Bill, Royal Assent is
    needed before the proposals become an Act of Parliament (and thus law).
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5
Q

Identify two non-governmental (non-parliamentary) process of making law

A
  • Statutory interpretation
  • Judicial precedent
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6
Q

What is the relationship between the police and the courts in England and Wales?

A
  • Not an equal relationship- court has power over the police
  • Court can require police to attend and give evidence
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7
Q

What is an example of two models of justice the CPS may follow when prosecuting criminal cases?

A

1) Due process model
2) Crime control model

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8
Q

Key facts of the due process model

A
  • Promotes a fair trial
  • The rights of the defence are prioritised
  • Seen as a model which allows the defendant the time to prepare their defence
  • Influenced by left realism
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9
Q

Key facts of the crime control model

A
  • Promotes quick and efficient justice, similar to a conveyor belt.
  • The most important aspect of this model is to seek a conviction and promote crime reduction
  • Promotes the rights of victims and an increase in police powers
  • Influenced by right realism
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10
Q

Aim of punishment:

Deterrence

A
  • The fear of being caught and punished may deter people from committing crime
  • For example, prison acts as a sent
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11
Q

Aim of punishment:

Retribution

A
  • To pay back and involves inflicting a punishment on an offender as vengeance for wrong or criminal act
  • It’s a backwards- looking aim because it does not aim to change future behaviour nor does it encourage him to rehabilitate
  • Retribution is linked to the Right realist theory of criminality.
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12
Q

Aim of punishment:

Incapacitation (protection of the public)

A
  • This aim sees punishments serving a useful purpose for society. It refers to the use of punishment to remove the offenders physical capacity to offend again
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13
Q

Aim of punishment:

Rehabilitation

A
  • The goal of reform or change offenders so they no longer offend and can go on to live a crime-free life
  • Unlike retribution it is a forwards-looking aim with a hope that the offender’s behaviour will be altered and they will not reoffend.
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14
Q

Who founded MET police?

A

Sir Robert Peel founded MET police in 1829, the first police force in Britain

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15
Q

What is Peel’s philosophy of MET Police

A
  • Basic mission of the police is to prevent crime + disorder
  • performing their duties depends on public cooperation and approval
  • physical force= last resort
  • police duty is to impartially serve the law
  • police=pubic, public=police. police= citizens in uniform upholding law like citizens
  • MET = servants of public
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16
Q

What does the Police Code of Ethics stress?

A

That the police are public servants who need to maintain the respect and support of public to perform their duty.

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17
Q

What are the aims of police?

A
  • Keep the peace and maintain order
  • Protect life and property
  • prevent , detect and investigate crime
  • Bring offenders to justice
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18
Q

What majority of power comes under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984?

A

Their powers to:
-stop
- question
- search
- arrest
- detain in a police station
- interview member of public

19
Q

Through what act are police powers given under?

A

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

20
Q

What act mentions deterrence as an aim of punishment?

A

Section 57 Sentencing Act 2020 mentions deterrence as an aim of punishment.

21
Q

How can a ‘community order’ achieve ‘retribution’ as aim of punishment?

A
  • restriction of liberty
  • can be seen as an offender receiving their just deserts
  • revenge is served due to offenders negative impact on society which restricts freedom
  • working for free in community
  • however, retribution may not be felt as its a non-custodial sentence
22
Q

How can a ‘community order’ achieve ‘incapacitation’ as aim of punishment?

A
  • restrictions on where offender goes and who they associate with
  • however, may still be opportunities for further crime, therefore less effective when protecting public
23
Q

How can a ‘community order’ achieve ‘rehabilitation’ as aim of punishment?

A
  • community order can provide direction and rehabilitate offender as member of society + live crime free life
  • however, rehab may not be achieved as offender can offend during or after the order.
24
Q

Statistics for community sentences

A
  • ## Ministry of justice study: 34% re-offend within 12 months of starting community sentences
25
Statistics for re-offending (recidivism)
- Norway: lowest recidivism rates in the world. Only 20% commit another crime within two years of release. - England: high recidivism rate of 75% of ex-inmates reoffending within nine years of release. The reoffending rate for the first year after release is 39.3%
26
What is meant by rational ideology as an internal form of social control?
Rational ideology- the idea that we internalise social rules to tell us right and wrong. - It helps achieve social control and helps us stay within the law as they are believed to protect public. E.g. abiding by road safety regulations and not speeding to ensure safety of others on road.
27
What is rational ideology?
The idea that we internalise social rules to tell us right and wrong.
28
How does a prison service acts as external form of social control?
- Ensures people abide by law. - Coercion: use of force to achieve desired result- can be physical or non violent - E.g. the prison service has power to restrict liberty of person
29
What is individual deterrence?
Uses punishment to deter individual offenders from reoffending. Punishment may convince offender its not worth repeating the experience. E.g. Margaret Thatcher's government introduced a tough new system in juvenile detention centres described as ‘short sharp shock’ to deter young offenders
30
What is general deterrence?
Aims to deter society in general from breaking law. If public sees an offender being punished, they will see that they themselves have to suffer if they commit a similar crime. Making an example of an individual will teach everyone else a lesson.
31
Control theory- Travis Hirschi
- Focuses on why people do not commit crime 1) Commitment or stake ppl have in society. 2) Attachment 3) Belief + moral values like respect for the rule of law or respect for others 4) Involvement
32
Control theory- COMMITMENT
Peoples investment in their education, careers or their homes and other possessions, the more reason they have to conform as they have a lot at stake
33
Control theory- ATTACHMENT
People who are unattached need not worry about putting their social relationships at risk and are more likely to steal or to abuse drug
34
Control theory- BELIEF
Belief- moral values i.e. respect for the ule of law or respect for others. If people firmly believe that certain deviant acts are wrong, participation in those acts becomes almost unthinkable to them
35
Control theory- Involvement
E.g. being busy with sports teams, school activists, religious groups and social clubs. ‘Idle hands do the devil’s work’. People who are unemployed or otherwise uninvolved in non-deviant activities have greater chances for deviance
36
What is the total police budget?
£15.2 billion which comes from 3 sources: - About two thirds comes from central government - Most of rest comes from local council tax - Small amount comes from charging for service such as policing football matches.
37
Police funding statistic: by how much percent did the police funding drop by?
Police funding fell by 19% between 2010 and 2018. This led to a fall of 20,000 in police during the same period. By 2020, there were 123,000 police officers in England and Wales
38
What types of crime do police deal with?
All types of offences, although some specialist law enforcement agencies like HM Revenue and Customs deal with tax evasion
39
What are 6 duties of the police?
1) Patrol area 2) Work with local community 3) Respond to public's calls for assistance 4) Secure crime scenes 5) Gather evidence from witnesses 6) Apprehend offenders
40
What are some specialist units of police forces?
- Covert operations and surveillance teams - Traffic and mounted police - Air support - River police - Underwater search teams and dog handler units
41
Through what are state prisons funded?
- Government - Taxation - The Ministry of Justice
42
What are some aims of prison?
- To punish offenders, or retribution for their offence - To rehabilitate offenders - Public protection/ incapacitation - To deter future crime - The denunciation by society for the wrong done
43

CRIMINOLOGY (4 decks)

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