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Psychology > Component 2 > Flashcards

Component 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by objective ?

A

Objective is free from biased and isn’t based off feelings and opinion
Example: brain scanning

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2
Q

What is meant by subjective?

A

Subjective can be biased and is based off feelings and interpretation
Example: Interviews

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3
Q

What is meant by free will?

A

The idea that people are free to make their own choices, it isn’t affected by internal or external factors

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4
Q

What is meant by determinism?

A

Individuals behaviour is influenced by internal and external factors. Depression is caused by lack of serotonin.

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5
Q

What is meant by reductionism?

A

Explaining complex ideas with a simple explanation

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6
Q

What is meant by nature?

A

Nature is affected by biology
Examples: brain, hormones, neurotransmitters

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7
Q

What is meant by nurture?

A

Not all behaviour is determined by biology. Environmental influences and the way humans are conditioned to behave. For example: being rewarded and punished for our behaviour.

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8
Q

What is meant by idiographic research?

A

Study based on one person or small groups
Example: case studies

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9
Q

What is meant by nomothetic research?

A

Study based on a large group of people
Example: experiments

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10
Q

What is meant by holism?

A

The opposite of reductionism. A holistic approach suggests that to explain behaviour we need to look at as a whole intergraged experience.
Biology alone can’t explain depression, environmental factors also play a role.

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11
Q

What is meant by the test-retest method?

A

A method used to check reliability. The same test or interview is given to the same participants on two occasions to see if the same results are obtained.

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12
Q

What is meant by the split half method?

A

A method of assessing internal reliability by comparing two halves.

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13
Q

What is meant by inter-rater reliability?

A

The extent to which there is an agreement between two or more observers involved in observations of a behaviour.

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14
Q

What is meant by internal reliability?

A

A measure of the extent to which something is consistent within itself.

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15
Q

What is meant by internal validity?

A

The degree a study or test is measuring what was intended to be measured

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16
Q

What is meant by external reliability?

A

The extent to which a measure varies from one occasion to another

17
Q

What is meant by external validity?

A

The degree to which a research finding can be generalised to other situations and people.

18
Q

What are the 8 threats to internal validity?

A

Confounding variables
Extraneous variables
Situational variables
Researcher bias
Social desirability
Demand characteristics
Participant variables
Mundane realism

19
Q

What are the 3 types of external validity?

A

Population validity
Historical validity
Ecological validity

20
Q

What are the strengths of a lab experiment?

A

Mundane realism improves external validity
A controlled environments means that there is more control over the extraneous variables, so less likely to become confounding- ensures C&E relationship.
Artificial setting is unrealistic to how the behaviour occurs outside the research so it lowers mundane realism
Standardised procedures improve internal/external validity.
Produces objective research- scientific and produce empirical findings, less chance of researcher bias- Improves internal validity

21
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected.

22
Q

What is an advantage of random sampling?

A

For very large samples it provides the best chance of an unbiased representative sample. All members of the target population have an equal chance of selection.

23
Q

What is a disadvantage of random sampling?

A

For large populations it is time-consuming to create a list of every individual. If the sample is too small, it could still be biased.

24
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

Using a predetermined system with a target population

25
Q

What is an advantage of systematic sampling?

A

Unbiased as participants are selected using an objective system.

26
Q

What is a disadvantage of systematic sampling?

A

Not completely random and not everyone has an equal chance of being picked

27
Q

What is self-selected sampling?

A

Individuals who have chosen to be in the study ( a volunteer )

28
Q

What is an advantage of self-selected sampling?

A

Relatively convenient, requires minimal input from researcher.
Access to a wide variety of participants, which could lead to a more representative sample. Participants likely to be engaged.

29
Q

What is a disadvantage of self-selected sampling?

A

Unrepresentative as leads to bias on the part of the participant.

30
Q

What is stratified/quota sampling?

A

Dividing the target population into important subcategories. Selecting members in proportion that they occur in the population.

31
Q

What is an advantage of stratified/quota sampling?

A

A deliberate effort is made to make the sample representative of the target population.
More representative than opportunity sampling as there is equal representation of subgroups.

32
Q

What is a disadvantage of stratified/quota sampling?

A

It can be time consuming as the subcategories have to be identified and proportions calculated. As it uses random or opportunity sampling it still has the weaknesses of these methods.

33
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

Your initial small sample of participants recruit participants, who themselves then recruit further participants.

34
Q

What is an advantage of snowball sampling?

A

A quick and easy method that requires little input from the researcher
A good way of getting participants who might otherwise be hard to reach

35
Q

What is a disadvantage of snowball sampling?

A

The sample will almost certainly end up biased, as all the participants are likely to know eachother and be from similar background stories

36
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Simply selecting those people that are available at the time.
E.g. going up to people in cafés and asking them to be interviewed.

37
Q

What is an advantage of opportunity sampling?

A

Quick and Easy
You use the first participants you can find which means it takes less time to locate your sample compared to other sample methods, convenient and economical.
A most common type of sampling in practice.

38
Q

What is a disadvantage of opportunity sampling?

A

Very unrepresentative samples and often biased by the researcher who will likely choose people who are ‘helpful’.
Will be biased as you will only be selecting from a small subgroup of the target population.

Psychology (6 decks)

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