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biology - unit 2 > Classification and Biodiversity > Flashcards

Classification and Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Name the 5 kingdoms

A
  • Prokaryote
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Proctista
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2
Q

Binomial names

A
  • First part is the genus of the organism
  • Second part is lower case and the species name
    Avoids language barrier and confusion
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3
Q

Describe the hierarchal classification system

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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4
Q

What are the 3 domains ?

A

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryote

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5
Q

Bacteria characteristics

A

Cell Wall = Peptidoglycan
Cause human diseases
Unicellular
No nucleus
Asexual Reproduction

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6
Q

Archaea Characteristics

A

Extremophiles ( survive wide range of environments e.g extreme pH, temp, pressure )
Unicellular
No nucleus
Asexual Reproduction

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7
Q

Why do scientists classify?

A
  • make sense of the millions of
    organisms that life on our planet.
  • It allows us to infer evolutionary relationships
  • predict characteristics of new species based on our general
    understanding of similar known species.
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8
Q

What is a species?

A

can interbread and produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

What is the classification system describe as?

A
  • tentative, meaning
    that it is based on our current knowledge, and could alter as our knowledge advances.
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10
Q

Prokaryote Characteristics

A
  • composed of prokaryotic cells
  • lack a nuclear envelope & membrane bound organelles
    -the cell wall doesn’t
    contain cellulose or chitin
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11
Q

Plantae Characteristics

A
  • Multicellular eukaryotes
  • Can photosynthesis
  • Cellulose cell wall
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12
Q

Animalia Characteristics

A
  • Nervous coordination
  • Multicellular eukaryotes: no cell wall and heterotrophic
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13
Q

Fungi Characteristics

A
  • Heterotrophic eukaryotes
  • cell wall = chitin
  • Most have filaments called hypae; reproduce by spores (asexually or sexually)
  • feed saprotrophically or parasitically
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14
Q

Protoctista Characteristics

A
  • Mainly single cell eukaryotes, no tissue differentiation
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15
Q

Which kingdoms fall into the eukaryote domain?

A

Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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16
Q

2 types of Protoctista

A
  • Protozoa (animal-like)
  • Algae ( plant-like)
17
Q

Protozoa

A
  • single celled
  • Animal - like cell, so no cell wall
  • Heterotrophic
  • Can be parasitic or mutualistic
18
Q

Algae

A
  • Cell wall, chloroplast
  • autotrophic
  • some are multicellular
19
Q

Phlylum

A

All organisms are sorted based on their body design e.g. back bone or not

20
Q

Class

A

Grouped based on general traits e.g number of limbs

21
Q

Phylogenetic
Trees

A

Show how closely
related organisms are
by showing their
common ancestors.

22
Q

Homologous Structures

A

anatomical feature
- e.g pentadactyl limb
- Higher number of homologous structure between 2 species, closer they are on the phylogenetic trees

23
Q

Biochemical evidence

A

DNA Sequencing
- Species undergo changes in their DNA base sequences until they are so different that they are considered different species.

More closely related show more similarities in their base sequencing

24
Q
A

DNA fingerprinting
- Extraction and comparison of DNA samples of two species. Sequences of bases
in DNA strands are compared.

The degree of similarities in the DNA sequence is used to determine
evolutionary relationships

25
Q

Immunological Evidence

A
  • mix the antigens of one species,
    with specific antibodies of another, the antigens and antibodies form a
    precipitate.
  • The closer the evolutionary relationship, the more the antigen and antibody react and make more precipitate.
26
Q

Biodiversity definition

A
  • The number of species (richness)
  • Number of organisms within each species
27
Q

Why does biodiversity vary spacially and increase going to the equator?

A
  • More UV light causes a higher rate of mutation and therefore more rapid evolution.
  • ## A more stable temperature range and water availability means conditions are more favourable for survival.
28
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Homologous = same common ancestor but the structure serves different function
e.g pentadactyl limb

29
Q

Convergent Evolution

A
  • Analogous= dont have the same common ancestor but serve the same functions
  • They are adapted to environment
    e.g bird wing and insect wing
30
Q

How to measure biodiversity

A

D = N (N -1 )
———-
n(n-1)

31
Q

How to measure biodiverity

A

Grid an area and use a random number generator to
select co-ordinates at which to place quadrats. This
avoids bias.
* Count the number of different species and the number
of individuals of each species in the quadrat.
* Repeat 10 times to improve reliability.
* Calculate Simpson’s diversity index using the formula:

32
Q
A

biology - unit 2 (6 decks)

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