1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards
What term is used to describe the different structures of α-glucose and β-glucose?
Isomer(ism)
What are the elements found in carbohydrates?
Carbon; Hydrogen; Oxygen
What is the ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen in Carbohydrates?
2:1
What are carbohydrate monomers called?
Monosaccharides
What is the dimer of a carbohydrate called?
Disaccharides
What is the polymer of a carbohydrate called?
Polysaccharide
Examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose, fructose.
How many carbons do glucose, galactose and fructose have?
6 carbons
What formula do glucose, galactose and fructose have?
C6H12O6
Chemical formula of alpha glucose?
C6H12O6
Draw Alpha Glucose
What bonds must be between C and hydroxyl groups?
C-O
The bond forms between the 1st carbon on one glucose and the 4th carbon of the next glucose is described as.
1-4 glycosidic bond
A ‘what’ reaction is when monomers are linked together into polymers with the removal of one water molecule to form a bond.
Condensation
What bond forms between two monosaccharides?
Glycosidic Bond
Molecular Formula for Glycosidic bond?
C-O-C
The hydrolysis reaction loses, what must always be shown in diagrams or word equations?
Loss of water
Where does the condensation reaction of a carbohydrate always occur?
Between the Hydroxyl (OH) groups on C4 of one monosaccharide and the C1 of the other monosaccharide.
What is the formula of a disaccharide?
C12H22O11
What is a disaccharide an example of?
A Dimer.
Glucose + Glucose=
Maltose
Hydrolysis enzyme of Maltose?
Maltase
Galactose + Glucose =
Lactose
Hydrolysis Enzyme of Lactose?
Lactase
Glucose + Fructose =
Sucrose
Hydrolysis Enzyme of Sucrose?
Sucrase
In digestion, what are polysaccharides and disaccharides broken down into?
Monosaccharides
Why are polysaccharides and disaccharides broken down?
Monosaccharides; absorbed and assimilated by the body.
What are monosaccharides used for in Respiration? (Example of hydrolysis used in body)
Respiratory substrate during respiration
What are monosaccharides used to make? (Example of hydrolysis used in body)
Components of Cell Membranes;
What is a polysaccharide?
A polymer of monosaccharides (monomer)
What is starch an example polymer of?
Polysaccharide
What are sugars?
Sweet; Soluble; White Crystalline;
Example of Disaccharides?
Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose
A storage polysaccharide in humans?
Glycogen
Storage Polysaccharide in Plants?
Starch
Structural Polysaccharide?
Cellulose
Cellulose is n__ s____ and is i________
Cellulose is not sweet and is insoluble.
What are amylose carbon bonds?
1:4 glycosidic bonds
Amylose 1:4 glycosidic bonds makes
long and linear chains of alpha glucose
Long and linear chains of alpha glucose c___ into?
coil into a helix.
A polymer is made up of how many repeating units?
Three or more
The structure of Amylose is good for storage, why?
Helical; So compact
Is Amylose soluble or insoluble?
Amylose is insoluble
Amylose is insoluble; what does this not affect?
The water potential.
Amylose is large meaning it cannot…
Diffuse out of cells
What is starch made of
Amylose, Amylopectin
Is Amylopectin linear?
No; branched chain.
Amylopectin is a branched chain of what molecule?
Alpha glucose molecules.
What glycosidic bonds does Amylopectin have?
Carbon 1:4, 1:6
What for Carbon 1:4 and 1:6 glycosidic bonds provide?
Large surface area
Amylopectin has a large surface area for what?
Rapid hydrolysis;
Amylopectin’s glycosidic bonds provide a large surface area for rapid hydrolysis of?
Enzymes
The rapid hydrolysis by enzymes is to release what for respiration?
Release glucose for respiration.
Is Amylopectin soluble or insoluble, so it does or does not affect what?
Insoluble; does not affect water potential.