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VAP II > Bones and ligaments thoracic limb > Flashcards

Bones and ligaments thoracic limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three skeletal components of a general pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula, Clavicle (if present), Coracoid

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2
Q

What is the name of this part of the scapula? At what angle of the scapula is this located?

A

Glenoid cavity/fossa, ventral angle

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3
Q

What is the name of this part of the scapula? What is the process at the distal end called?

A

Spine of the scapula, acromion process.

“The spine is the most prominent feature of the bone. It begins at the dorsal border as a thick, low ridge and becomes thinner and wider toward the neck. In all dog breeds the free border is slightly thickened, and in some it is everted caudally. The distal end is a truncated process, the acromion.”

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4
Q

What muscles attatch to the spine of the scapula and the acromion process?

A

Deltoideus: acromial part origin acromion process; scapular part origin spine of the scapula via the aponeurosis

Omotransversarius: origin acromion process/distal end of spine of the scapula

Trapezius: cervical part insertion spine of scapula including acromion; thoracic part insertion proximal third of the spine of the scapula into an aponeurosis

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5
Q

Name this part of the scapula on the lateral surface.

A

Supraspinous fossa

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6
Q

What muscle attaches to the supraspinous fossa in the lateral surface of the scapula?

A

Origin of the supraspinatus muscle

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7
Q

Name this part of the lateral surface of the scapula.

A

Infraspinous fossa

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8
Q

What muscle attaches at the infraspinous fossa of the scapula?

A

Origin of the infraspinatus

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9
Q

Name this region on the medial (costal) surface of the scapula. What muscle has its origin here?

A

Subscapular fossa, subscapularis

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10
Q

A small proximal and cranial rectangular area on the medial (costal) surface of the scapula, the _____ _____ or _______ _______, serves as insertion for the serratus ventralis muscle.

A

A small proximal and cranial rectangular area on the medial (costal) surface of the scapula, the serrated face or facies serrata, serves as insertion for the serratus ventralis muscle.

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11
Q

Name this area of the scapula. What muscle has its origin here?

A

Supraglenoid tubercle (cranial to the glenoid cavity), biceps brachii

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12
Q

Name this area of the scapula. What two muscles have their origins here?

A

Infraglenoid tubercle.

Teres minor origin: Infraglenoid tubercle, distal third of caudal margin of scapula

Triceps brachii (long head) origin: Distal 2/3rd of caudal border of scapula; Infraglenoid tubercle (tendinous)

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13
Q

Name and describe this part of the scapula. What muscle arises here?

A

Coracoid Process: The supraglenoid tubercle shows a slight medial inclination on which a small tubercle, the coracoid process, can be distinguished.

Origin of the coracobrachialis

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14
Q

Comparative: scapula

What is this structure and in what common animals is it found?

A

Scapular cartilage at the dorsal margin.

Horse, ruminants, pig

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15
Q

Comparative: What is the structure labelled here on the spine of the scapula of a pig? What other domestic/production animals is it found in?

A

tuber spinae scapulae

hore, pig, cat

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16
Q

The acromion process of the spine of the scapula is absent in ____ and _____. The acromion extends ventrally in carnivores (_______ process) and extends caudally in cats (________ process - pictures). Rabbits possess the both processes of acromion.

A

The acromion process of the spine of the scapula is absent in horses and pigs. The acromion extends ventrally in carnivores (hamate process) and extends caudally in cats (suprahamate process). Rabbits possess the both processes of acromion.

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17
Q

In the dog model, the infraspinous and supraspinous fossae are of roughly equal size. In horses and ruminants, the _______ fossa is larger.

A

In the dog model, the infraspinous and supraspinous fossae are of roughly equal size. In horses and ruminants, the infraspinous fossa is larger.

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18
Q

Label the muscles that attach at these regions of the scapula.

A
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19
Q

Label the muscles that attach at these regions of the scapula.

A
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20
Q

Label these components on the humerus of the dog

A
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21
Q

Label these structures on the humerus of the dog

A
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22
Q

Label these structures on the humerus of the dog

A
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23
Q

The ______ of the humerus articulates with the scapula at the __________ joint.

A

The head of the humerus articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint.

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24
Q

The _________ groove begins at the cranial end of the articular area of the head of the humerus. It lodges the tendon of origin of the _____ _______ and is deflected toward the median plane by the _______ tubercle, which forms the craniolateral part of the proximal extremity.

A

The intertubercular groove begins at the cranial end of the articular area of the head of the humerus. It lodges the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii and is deflected toward the median plane by the greater tubercle, which forms the craniolateral part of the proximal extremity.

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25
Q

Where on the proximal humerus do these muscles have their insertions?

Supraspinatus:

Infraspinatus:

Teres minor:

A

Supraspinatus: Proximomedial aspect of greater tubercle of humerus

Infraspinatus: Distal aspect of greater tubercle of
humerus, Joint capsule of shoulder

Teres minor: Crest of greater tubercle of humerus/tricipital line

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26
Q

In the horse and large ruminant:

  • Humerus is short and _______
  • Greater and Lesser Tubercle have ____ and ______ parts
  • Intertubercular groove
    • Divided by ____ ridge (ruminants) - see picture (cow)
    • Divided by a ___ _____ ridge in horses
      • Intermediate _____ present
A

In the horse and large ruminant:

  • Humerus is short and compressed
  • Greater and Lesser Tubercle have cranial and caudal parts
  • Intertubercular groove
    • Divided by low ridge (ruminants) - see picture (cow)
    • Divided by a well developed ridge in horses
      • Intermediate tubercle present
27
Q

The structure around the rim of the glenoid fossa is called the ____ _____. It is made of _______ tissue.

A

The structure around the rim of the glenoid fossa is called the glenoid labrum. It is made of fibrocartilaginous tissue.

28
Q

Internal to the joint capsule, the shoulder joint capsule is strengthened by:

  • ______ Glenohumeral Ligament
  • ______ Glenohumeral Ligament
  • ________ humeral ligament

Label these on the following diagram.

A

Internal to the joint capsule, the shoulder joint capsule is strengthened by:

  • Lateral Glenohumeral Ligament
  • Medial Glenohumeral Ligament
  • Transverse humeral ligament
29
Q

Label the following parts of the ulna:

  • Oleacranon
  • Oleacranon tuberosity
  • Anconeal process
  • Medial and lateral coranoid processes
  • Trochlear notch
  • Radial notch
  • Ulnar tuberosity
  • Styloid process
A
30
Q

Label the following parts of the radius:

  • Head
  • Fovea capitis
  • Articular circumfrence
  • Radial tuberosity
  • Trochlea
  • Articular Facet for Ulna
  • Articular facet for carpal bones
  • Styloid Process
A
  • Head
  • Fovea capitis
  • Articular circumfrence
  • Radial tuberosity
  • Trochlea
  • Articular Facet for Ulna
  • Articular facet for carpal bones
  • Styloid Process
31
Q

In the ruminant (see picture from ox lateral and medial radius and ulna):

  • In young animals ulna and radius separated by ________ membrane, which ossifies with age
  • Ulna extends distally to ______
  • Radius shaft is _____ craniocaudally
  • Deeply excavated fovea _____ with ridges
  • Ulna projects above the radius
  • Olecranon has _____ and _____ parts
A

In the ruminant (see picture from ox lateral and medial radius and ulna):

  • In young animals ulna and radius separated by interosseous membrane, which ossifies with age
  • Ulna extends distally to carpus
  • Radius shaft is flattened craniocaudally
  • Deeply excavated fovea capitis with ridges
  • Ulna projects above the radius
  • Olecranon has cranial and caudal parts
32
Q

In the horse (see picture horse radius and ulna):

  • Distal 1/3rd ulna ______
  • Radius and Ulna distinctly curved proximally
  • Radius ______ end greatly widened
  • _____ is the weight-bearing bone
A

In the horse (see picture horse radius and ulna):

  • Distal 1/3rd ulna absent
  • Radius and Ulna distinctly curved proximally
  • Radius proximal end greatly widened
  • Radius is the weight-bearing bone
33
Q

The three articulations that make up the elbow joint are….

A
  1. humeroulnar joint: trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
  2. humeroradial joint: fovea capitis on the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum
    and the trochlea of the humerus
  3. proximal radioulnar joint: Caudal border (articular circumference) of the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
34
Q

The ligaments that stabilise the elbow joint laterally and medially are the lateral and medial _______ ligaments.

A

The ligaments that stabilise the elbow joint laterally and medially are the lateral and medial collateral ligaments.

35
Q

The ______ ligament at the proximal radioulnar joint is a fibro-ossesous ring from medial to lateral parts of the ________ process of the ulna. It allows the radius to rotate against the ulna, which is fixed by the ______.

A

The annular ligament at the proximal radioulnar joint is a fibro-ossesous ring from medial to lateral parts of the coronoid process of the ulna. It allows the radius to rotate against the ulna, which is fixed by the humerus.

36
Q

Name this ligament at the elbow joint

A

Medial collateral ligament

37
Q

In the horse (and ruminant) the _____ collateral ligament has two limbs as the ____ ____ muscle is absent. The _______ collateral ligament is singular.

These are shown in this diagram of the medial and lateral elbow of a horse.

A

In the horse (and ruminant) the medial collateral ligament has two limbs as the pronator teres muscle is absent. The lateral collateral ligament is singular.

38
Q

Proximal articular surfaces of the radius and ulna:

The ____ ______ on the head of the radius articulates with the _______ and the _______ of the
humerus. The _______ notch of the ulna articulates with the ______ of the humerus. The caudal border (articular circumference) of the head of the radius articulates with the ______ notch of the ulna.

A

Proximal articular surfaces of the radius and ulna:

The fovea capitis on the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum and the trochlea of the humerus. The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus. The caudal border (articular circumference) of the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.

39
Q

What is the articular surface of the humerus called where it joins to the radius and ulna, and what is this joint called?

A

Capitulum (radius) and trochlea (ulna) of the humeral head. Elbow joint.

40
Q

The interosseous border of the ulna articulates with the ______ by a thick ligament.

A

The interosseous border of the ulna articulates with the radius by a thick ligament.

41
Q

Distal articular surfaces of radius and ulna:

The articular circumference of the ulna articulates with the ______ notch of the radius. The styloid process of the ulna articulates with the _____ and _____ carpal bones. The distal surface of the radius articulates with the __________ carpal bone.

A

Distal articular surfaces of radius and ulna:

The articular circumference of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius. The styloid process of the ulna articulates with the ulnar and accessory carpal bones. The distal surface of the radius articulates with the intermedioradial carpal bone.

42
Q

Label these areas on the radius and ulna.

A
  1. oleacranon tuber
  2. anconeal process
  3. trochlear notch
  4. lateral coronoid process
    4’ medial coronoid process
  5. articular circumference for articulation with the radius
  6. styloid process of the ulna
  7. ulnar notch
  8. styloid process of the radius
  9. head of the radius
43
Q

What muscles attach to the Olecranon tuberosity of the ulna?

A

triceps brachii i

Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar head) o

anconeus i

44
Q

Name the seven carpal bones. In what direction are the distal row numbered?

A

PROXIMAL ROW: Intermedioradial Carpal (merging of radial carpal and intermediate carpal bones), Ulnar Carpal, Accessory Carpal.
DISTAL ROW: First, second, third, fourth carpal bones (numbered medial to lateral)

45
Q

What are the three main joints of the carpus? What is a fourth type of joint that can also be found there?

A
  • *Antebrachiocarpal** Joint = Proximal: Between radius/ulna and proximal row
  • *Middle Carpal** Joint: Between proximal and distal row
  • *Carpometacarpal** Joint =Distal: Between distal row and metacarpal bones

Intercarpal Joint: Between two carpal bones

46
Q

The antebrachiocarpal joint compartment [communicates/does not communicate] with the middle carpal joint compartment. The middle carpal and carpometacarpal joint compartments [communicate/do not communicate] between the distal row of carpal bones.

A

The antebrachiocarpal joint compartment does not communicate with the middle carpal joint compartment. The middle carpal and carpometacarpal joint compartments communicate between the distal row of carpal bones.

47
Q

What is the carpal canal? What passes through it? What two ligaments are involved?

A

Canal for structures to pass through on the palmar side of the carpus.

Deep Flexor Tendons of the digits, Blood vessels (Radial and Ulnar), Nerves (Median and Ulnar).

Palmar carpal ligament and Flexor Retinaculum.

48
Q

Name the digital bones of the manus. In what direction are they numbered?

A

proximal and distal phalanx I; proximal, middle, and distal phalanges II - IV. Medial to lateral.

49
Q

What is a retinaculum?

A

A band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that holds them in place

50
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint and what movements occur here?

A

Spheroidal ball and socket (but functions as a hinge joint)
Flexion and extension (also limited adduction/abduction)

51
Q

At the elbow joint, the _____ and _____ tendons cover the distal portion of the medial collateral ligament.
The origin of the ____ _____ ______ covers the lateral collateral ligament.

A

At the elbow joint, the biceps and brachialis tendons cover the distal portion of the medial collateral ligament.
Origin of the lateral digital extensor covers the lateral collateral ligament.

52
Q

What type of joint is the elbow and what movements can occur here?

A

Mostly a hinge joint (flexion and extension)
Also some rotational movement at the radioulnar joint (pronation/supination of the lower limb).

53
Q

Describe the communication of synovial fluid between joint space compartments at the elbow.

A

All compartments communicate with one another

54
Q

What ligament unites the radius and the ulna proximally?

A

Annular ligament: Fibro-osseous ring from medial to lateral parts of coronoid process allows radius to rotate against ulna which is fixed by humerus

55
Q

Describe how the radius and the ulna differ in the horse.

A

Distal 1/3rd ulna absent; Radius and Ulna distinctly curved proximally; Radius proximal end greatly widened; Radius weight-bearing bone.

56
Q

What is the name, origin, and insertion of this ligament of the carpus?

dorsolateral : palmar

A

Medial Collateral Ligament
Origin

  • Radial (medial) styloid process

Insertion

  • Intermedioradial carpal bone
57
Q

What is the name, origin, and insertion of this ligament of the carpus?

dorsolateral : palmar

A

Lateral Collateral Ligament
Origin

  • Ulnar (lateral) styloid process

Insertion

  • Ulnar carpal bone
58
Q

Name and describe these ligaments of the carpus?

dorsolateral : palmar

A

Antebrachial Ligaments

  • Connect radius and ulna to intermedioradial carpal bone
59
Q

Name and describe these ligaments of the carpus.

dorsolateral : palmar

A

Carpometacarpal ligaments

  • Connect carpal bones to metacarpal bones
60
Q

Name and describe these ligaments of the carpus.

dorsolateral : palmar

A

Intercarpal ligaments

  • Connect adjacent carpal bones to each other
61
Q

Name these ligaments of the carpus.

dorsolateral : palmar

A

Accessory Carpal Ligaments

  • Accessorioulnar ligament
  • Accessoriocarpoulnar ligament
  • Accessoriometacarpal ligament
62
Q

What type of joint is the carpus and what movements can occur here? At which joint does most movement occur?

A

Composite Joint: hinge: mostly flexion and extension
Most movement occurs at the antebrachiocarpal joint.

63
Q

Describe the communication of synovial fluid between joint space compartments at the carpus.

A

The antebrachiocarpal joint compartment does not communicate with the middle carpal joint compartment. The middle carpal and carpometacarpal joint compartments communicate between the distal row of carpal bones.

64
Q

Describe how the carpal bones in the horse differ to those of the dog. Why does this difference occur?

A

Intermediate and radial carpal bones are not fused (dog = intermedioradial)
Distal carpal bone I is situated palmar to carpal bone II.
Articular surface at antebrachiocarpal joint different because horse ulnar bone dissipates halfway down the shaft of radius so radial is only articular surface.
At Carpometacarpal joint the articular surface is also different due to the reduction of all but metacarpal bone III.

VAP II (11 decks)

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