Bones and ligaments pelvic limb

Question 1

The cruciate ligaments of the stifle pass between the intercondylar areas of the tibia and femur and limit ________ motion of these bones.

Answer 1

The cruciate ligaments of the stifle pass between the intercondylar areas of the tibia and femur and limit craniocaudal motion of these bones.

Question 2

Where is the calcaneal tuberosity and what inserts here? What five muscles contribute to this insertion?

Answer 2

Calcaneal tuberosity is on the proximal calcaneus tarsal bone: common calcaneal tendon (“Achilles’ tendon”) inserts.

Contributors

• gracilis
• gastrocnemius
• semitendinosis
• superficial digital flexor
• biceps femoris

Question 3

What muscle has its origin on the Tuber coxae of the illium?

Answer 3

Tensor fasciae latae o

Question 4

What muscle has its origin on the Iliopubic eminence of the pubis?

Answer 4

psoas minor i

Question 5

What two muscles have their origins at the Iliac crest?

Answer 5

Gluteus medius o

sartorius (cranial part) o

Question 6

What two muscles have their origin at the Pelvic symphysis?

Answer 6

adductor o

gracilis o

Question 7

What muscle inserts on the Lesser trochanter of the femur?

Answer 7

iliopsoas i

Question 8

What two muscles have their origin at the Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur?

Answer 8

Gastrocnemius (lateral head) o

superficial digital flexor o

Question 9

What muscle has its origin at the Medial supracondylar tuberosity of the femur?

Answer 9

Gastrocnemius (medial head) o

Question 10

What four muscles insert onto the greater trochanter of the femur?

Answer 10

Gluteus superficialis i

Gluteus medius i

Gluteus profundis i

Piriformis i

Question 11

What muscles insert into the Trochanteric fossa of the femur?

Answer 11

Obturator internus and externus i

gemelli i

Question 12

What muscle and ligament have their origins at the lateral epicondyle of the femur?

Answer 12

Long digital extensor o

Lateral (fibular) Collateral ligament o

Question 13

What ligament has its origin at the medial epicondyle of the femur?

Answer 13

Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament o

Question 14

On the _______ aspect of each femoral ______ is a facet on which a sesamoid bone (_____) rests. The medial and lateral ______ are in the tendons of origin of the medial and lateral heads of the _________ muscle.

Answer 14

On the caudodorsal aspect of each femoral condyle is a facet on which a sesamoid bone (fabella) rests. The medial and lateral fabellae are in the tendons of origin of the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle.

Question 15

Label the following tarsal bones

Answer 15

Question 16

What are the articular surfaces of the hip joint?

Answer 16

Femoral head and acetabulum of the pelvis

Question 17

What ligament stabilises the hip joint and what are its attachments?

Answer 17

Ligament of the femoral head: from the acetabular fossa to the fovea capitis
Also transverse acetabular ligament: one side of the acetabular notch to the
opposite side

Question 18

The hip joint is a ____ and _____ Joint whose main movements are ____ and _____. This joint can move in any direction, but the opposed action of the medial and lateral _____ muscles limits the movement to primarily _____ and ______.

Answer 18

The hip joint is a ball and Socket Joint whose main movements are flexion and extension. This joint can move in any direction, but the opposed action of the medial and lateral rotator muscles limits the movement to primarily flexion and extension.

Question 19

Label these ligaments of the hip and pelvis

Answer 19

Question 20

What exterior ligaments stabilise the stifle joint?

Answer 20

Lateral (fibular) Collateral Ligament

• Lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula

Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament

• Medial epicondyle of femur to medial tibial border
• Fuses to medial meniscus and joint capsule Patellar ligament(s)

Question 21

Label these ligaments and tendons around the stifle joint.

Answer 21

Question 22

What ligaments unite the fabellae with the patella?

Answer 22

Femoropatellar ligaments (lateral and medial)

Question 23

What are the four articulations at the stifle joint?

Answer 23

• Femur with Tibia
• Femur with Patella
• Femur with Fabella
• Proximal Tibia with proximal Fibula

Question 24

Cranial (_______) Cruciate Ligament at the stifle: Caudomedial part of ______ condyle of femur to ______ intercondyloid area of the tibia

Answer 24

Cranial (lateral) Cruciate Ligament at the stifle: Caudomedial part of lateral condyle of femur to cranial intercondyloid area of the tibia

Question 25

Caudal (_____) Cruciate Ligament: Lateral surface of _____ condyle of femur to lateral edge of _____ fossa of the tibia

Answer 25

Caudal (medial) Cruciate Ligament: Lateral surface of medial condyle of femur to lateral edge of popliteal fossa of the tibia

Question 27

What other specialized fibrocartilage structures are present within the stifle joint and what is their function? What ligaments are involved with these structures?

Answer 27

Menisici (Lateral, Medial): Fibrocartilaginous discs with thick abaxial borders & free axial borders. Proximal surfaces are concave. Distal surfaces fit closely to the tibia. Menisci separate joint space into proximal and distal compartments. Menisci provide more surface area for synovial lubrication. They also act as congruency pads and help distribute weight (load) evenly over tibial surface. They increase stability and adhere to femoral and tibial condyles. They act as shock absorbers. They also permit other movement (rotation).

Cranial tibial ligament of the medial meniscus
Caudal tibial ligament of the medial meniscus
Cranial tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus
Caudal tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus
Femoral Ligament of the Lateral Meniscus

Question 28

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture is a common cause of lameness in dogs. What abnormalities would be detected upon stifle palpation (drawer sign)?

Answer 28

The cranial cruciate ligament keeps the tibia from sliding cranially beneath the femur when the limb bears weight. It also limits medial rotation of the tibia when the stifle is flexed.

DRAWER SIGN: The veterinarian stabilizes the position of the femur with one hand and manipulates the tibia with the other hand. If the tibia moves forward (like a drawer being opened), the cranial cruciate ligament is ruptured.

Question 29

The patella, a ______ bone, is intercalated in the large tendon of insertion of the ______. The patellar ligament extends from the patella to the ____ tuberosity. It is the distal end of the tendon of insertion of the _______.

Answer 29

The patella, a sesamoid bone, is intercalated in the large tendon of insertion of the quadriceps. The patellar ligament extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is the distal end of the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps.

Question 30

How does the patellar ligament differ in the horse?

Answer 30

Instead of a single patellar ligament as in the dog, the horse has lateral, medial, and intermediate patellar ligaments

Question 31

Describe the points at which the tibia and fibula are united in the dog

Answer 31

The two tibiofibular joints are a proximal joint between the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia and a distal joint between the lateral malleolus of the fibula and the lateral surface of the distal end of the tibia. Throughout the length of the interosseous space between the tibia and fibula is a sheet of fibrous tissue uniting the two bones, the interosseous membrane of the crus.

Question 32

Where are the sesamoid bones located in the tarsus and what are their function?

Answer 32

Sesamoids are embedded in tendons at locations where tendons course over or under a joint and function to protect the tendon while maintaining consistent tension throughout range of motion