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Chemistry > Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter > Flashcards

Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter Flashcards

1
Q

What are Ions?

A

Ions are charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

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2
Q

What are Cations (Ions)?

A

Positively charged ions formed when an atom loses electrons (e.g. Na⁺).

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3
Q

What are Anions (Ions)?

A

Negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains electrons (e.g., Cl⁻).

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4
Q

How are Ionic compounds formed?

A

Ionic compounds form when cations and anions bond through electrostatic forces.

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5
Q

What are properties of Ionic compounds?

A

High melting and boiling points due to strong ionic bonds.

Generally soluble in water.

Conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water, as ions are free to move.

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6
Q

How does Covalent bonding work?

A

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms.

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7
Q

What is a single bond?

A

One pair of shared electrons (e.g., H₂).

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8
Q

What is a double bond?

A

Two pairs of shared electrons (e.g., O₂).

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9
Q

What is a triple bond?

A

Three pairs of shared electrons (e.g., N₂).

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10
Q

What are the properties of Molecular Compounds and how are they formed?

A

They are formed from covalent bonds; typically have lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds.

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11
Q

What are Polymers?

A

Large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers, linked by covalent bonds.

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12
Q

What are the general properties of Polymers?

A

Vary widely based on the structure of the polymer. Generally, they can be flexible, durable, and resistant to chemicals.

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13
Q

What is a giant covalent structure?

A

An extensive networks of atoms connected by covalent bonds.

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14
Q

Give two examples of giant covalent structures.

A

Diamond and Graphite

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15
Q

What are the properties of giant covalent structures?

A

High melting and boiling points, brittle, poor conductors of electricity, three-dimensional and insoluble in water.

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16
Q

Name Allotropes of carbon.

A

Diamond, Graphite, Fullerenes, Graphene, Carbon nanotubes and Buckyballs.

17
Q

What are the Allotropes of carbon?

A

Allotropes of carbon are different structural forms of carbon.

18
Q

What is Metallic Bonding?

A

The attraction between positively charged metal ions and delocalised electrons.

19
Q

What are the properties of Metallic Bonding?

A

Conductor of electricity and heat due to free-moving electrons.

Malleable and ductile because layers of atoms can slide over each other without breaking the metallic bond.

High melting and boiling points

20
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, Liquid and Gas

21
Q

What is a Solid?

A

Definite shape and volume; particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement and vibrate in place.

22
Q

What is a liquid?

A

Definite volume but takes the shape of the container; particles are close but can move past one another.

23
Q

What is a gas?

A

No definite shape or volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

24
Q

What is the change caused by melting?

A

Solid to Liquid

25
Q

What is the change caused by freezing?

A

Liquid to Solid

26
Q

What is the change caused by evaporation?

A

Liquid to Gas

27
Q

What is the change caused by Condensation?

A

Gas to Liquid

28
Q

What is the change caused by sublimation?

A

Solid to Gas directly (without passing through the liquid state)

29
Q

What is Ionic bonding?

A

The attraction between a positively charged metal ion and a negatively charged non-metal ion.

30
Q

What are the properties of a diamond?

A

Hard, transparent, high melting point and does not conduct electricity.

31
Q

What are the properties of graphite?

A

Soft, non-transparent and a conductor of electricity due to delocalised electrons.

32
Q

What are the properties of graphene?

A

Very strong, light, flexible, high resistance and excellent conductor of electricity.

33
Q

What are Fullerenes?

A

Molecules composed entirely of carbon, arranged in a hollow sphere or tube (e.g., C₆₀ or buckyballs).

Chemistry (2 decks)

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