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Biology Yr 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of an animal cell

A

•nucleus
•cytoplasm
•cell membrane
•mitochondria

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2
Q

Parts of a plant cell

A

•cell wall
•nucleus
•chloroplast
•cytoplasm
•vacuole
•cell membrane

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3
Q

Function of nucleus?

A

Contains DNA, controls the cell

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4
Q

Function of cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aurobic respiration

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6
Q

Function of chloroplast?

A

Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis

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7
Q

Function of vacuole?

A

Space filled with liquid sap which stores nutrients

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8
Q

Function of cell membrane?

A

Controls which substances enter and exit the cell

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9
Q

Function of cell wall?

A

Supports the cell

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10
Q

How to set up a cheek cell slide?

A
  1. Get a cotton bud and rub it against the inside of your cheek for about a minute
  2. Rub the cotton bud on the slide to get the cheek cells on it
  3. Put a small drop of blue stain where you rubbed the cotton bud to make the cells visible under the microscope
  4. Put another slide on top of the blue stain
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11
Q

Characteristics of a light microscope

A

•magnifies up to 400x
•can view dead and live samples
•uses rays of light to magnify

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12
Q

Characteristics of an electron microscope

A

•can magnify up to 1,000,000x
•can only view dead samples
•uses beams of electrons to magnify

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13
Q

Formula to find the magnification of an image?

A

Magnification = image size/actual size

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14
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

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15
Q

Is diffusion a passive or active process?

A

Passive (doesn’t need energy)

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16
Q

Definition of osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water through the semi permeable membrane

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17
Q

Is osmosis a passive or active process?

A

Passive (doesn’t need energy)

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18
Q

What is used as an artificial semi permeable membrane?

A

Visking tubing

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19
Q

What happens to animal and plant cells in distilled water?

A

They swell (and animal cells burst) because the water has a higher concentration of water than the cells so the water goes into the cells via osmosis

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20
Q

What happens to animal and plant cells in a concentrated salt solution?

A

They shrink (and animal cells shrivel) because the salt solution has a lower concentration of water than the cells so the water goes from the cells to the salt solution via osmosis

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21
Q

Formula to find the percentage of change in mass?

A

% change = change in mass/initial mass

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22
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of larger molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration using ATP

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23
Q

What is ATP?

A

The energy used for active transport

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24
Q

Is active transport a passive or active process?

A

Active (needs energy)

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25
Carbohydrate function
Energy
26
Protein function
Growth and repair of cells
27
Fat function
Energy store and insulation
28
Vitamin C function
Maintain healthy tissue
29
Iron function
Carries oxygen in red blood cells
30
Calcium function
Healthy bones and teeth
31
Fibre function
Provides bulk in the digestive system
32
Water function
Keeps the body hydrated
33
What can too much sugar lead to?
•obesity which can lead to heart disease •type 2 diabetes •tooth decay
34
What can too much fat lead to?
•obesity which can lead to heart disease •heart disease •circulatory diseases
35
What can too much salt lead to?
High blood pressure
36
What formula is used to find the energy (J) per gram of a food?
Energy (J) = (rise in temperature x volume of water x 4.2) / mass of food (g)
37
What equipment is used to find the accurate value of energy for food packaging?
Bourb calorimeter
38
What are the large insoluble food molecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
39
What do carbohydrates get broken down into and which enzyme breaks it down?
Glucose by carbohydrase/amylase
40
What do proteins get broken down into and which enzyme breaks them down?
Amino acids by protease
41
What do fats get broken down into and which enzyme breaks them down?
Fatty acids and glycerol by lipase
42
What gets broken down in the mouth?
Starch
43
What gets broken down in the stomach
Protein
44
What does the small intestine do?
Produces protease, lipase and carbohydrase and absorbs soluble molecules •bile is released but not produced here
45
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs water
46
What does the liver do?
Produces bile
47
What does the gall bladder do?
Stores bile
48
What does bile do?
Breaks fat into small soluble droplets and neutralises acidic contents
49
How to test for starch?
Add iodine solution and see if it goes from orange to blue-black
50
How to test for protein?
Add Biurets solution and see if it goes from blue to lilac
51
How to test for glucose?
Add Benedict’s solution and place in boiling water, see if it goes cloudy and changes from blue to green/orange/brick red depending on amount of glucose
52
Downside of Visking tubing
It’s a non living tissue
53
What do enzymes do?
Control all chemical reactions that occur in cells
54
How do enzymes break down food?
They increase the rate of reaction in the food
55
What is the place where the substrate fits in an enzyme called?
The active site
56
What’s it called when the substrate is in the active site?
The enzyme-substrate complex
57
What factors affect enzyme activity?
•temperature •pH level
58
What happens to an enzyme when it’s in high temperature or an incorrect pH level
It becomes denatured
59
What does it mean for an enzyme to be denatured?
The active site changes shape so the substrate no longer fits
60
Parts of the respiratory system
•larynx •trachea •alveoli •bronchioles •intercostal muscles •ribs •bronchi •lungs •heart •diaphragm
61
What happens during inspiration?
1. Diaphragm goes down/flattens 2. Intercostal muscles contract 3. Ribs move up and out 4. Volume of thorax increases which means lower pressure 5. Air is drawn in
62
What happens during expiration?
1. Diaphragm goes up 2. Intercostal muscles relax 3. Ribs move down and in 4. Volume of thorax decrease meaning pressure increases 5. Air is forced out
63
What does mucus do?
Traps dust and bacteria when you breathe in
64
What produces mucus?
The lining of the respiratory system
65
What do cilia do?
Move the mucus out of the lungs
66
What is cilia?
Hairs on the cells lining the trachea and bronchi
67
What paralyses cilia and what is the effects of this?
Inhalation of smoke causes paralysis of cilia Causes mucus and trapped particles to sink into the lungs and causes •irritation •damage to the lung tissue •lungs to clog up
68
What is smoking 2 major causes of?
Lung cancer and emphysema
69
How does smoking cause cancer?
Tobacco contains at least 80 different cancer causing chemicals which spread around your body and cause mutations in cells leading to tumours
70
What is emphysema?
Inflammation and scarring of lung tissue, destruction of the alveoli walls which reduces the surface area for gas exchange. Causes extreme shortage of breath and a persistent cough.
71
What is a double circulatory system?
A circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice and has two different circuits
72
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
73
What are the 3 layers of an artery?
•outer layer of tissue •muscular middle •smooth inner layer of epithelial cells
74
Which blood vessels carry blood to the heart?
Veins
75
What are the 3 layers of a vein?
•outer layer of (thin) tissue •muscular middle •smooth inner layer of epithelial cells
76
What do valves in the veins do?
Prevent back flow of blood
77
What do the capillaries do?
•Allow oxygenated blood to enter organs and tissues via diffusion •where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs •carries the waste blood to the veins
78
Why are capillaries 1 cell thick?
To make diffusion more efficient
79
What is the liquid portion of the blood?
Plasma
80
What do red blood cells contain and not contain?
Contains haemoglobin and doesn’t have a nucleus
81
What do white blood cells do?
Fight against diseases and produce antibodies
82
What do red blood cells do?
Carry oxygen
83
What do platelets do?
Help the blood to clot at wounds
84
What is the name of the main artery which takes blood form the heart to the body?
Aorta
85
How is the pulmonary artery different to any other artery in the body?
It’s the only one that carries de-oxygenated blood
86
What are the 4 chambers in the heart?
Left and right atrium (top) Left and right ventricle (bottom)
87
Word formula for aerobic respiration
Oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water
88
Word formula for anaerobic respiration
Glucose -> water + lactic acid
89
Word formula for plant respiration
Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
90
How to get rid of lactic acid?
Taking in more oxygen to oxygenise the lactic acid
91
What is oxygen debt?
When your oxygen use is greater than your oxygen intake
92
How does the body pay off oxygen debt?
The heart beats faster and you breathe in deeper
93
Spongy mesophyll function
Large air spaces allowing gases to diffuse
94
Cuticle function
Transparent protective layer of cells
95
Stomata function
Holes that allow gases in and out
96
Guard cells function
Cause the stomata to open and close
97
Epidermis function
Waxy layer preventing water loss
98
Veins function in plants
Tubes that carry water, minerals and glucose
99
Palisade cells function
Cells that contain a lot of chloroplasts
100
3 ways glucose is used in a plant
•converted to fructose (for fruit) •used in respiration to release energy •joined together to make starch for storage •combined with nitrates from the soil to make proteins for new growth •joined together to make cellulose for cell walls •converted to fats and oils for seeds

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