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DAT Biology > Biological Concept Introduction & Cells > Flashcards

Biological Concept Introduction & Cells Flashcards

Chapter 1

1
Q

Biology is the study of what?

A

Living Things

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2
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains all the properties of the element.

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms linked together

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4
Q

What is the term for anything the occupies space and mass?

A

Matter

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5
Q

A positive ion is called a ?

A

Cation

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6
Q

A negative ion is called a ?

A

Anion

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7
Q

An isotope has the same atomic # but different what 2 things

A

Different masses and number of neutrons

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8
Q

H2O is the universal solvent meaning it can ..

A

-H bond with itself
-has high boiling point
-has high melting point

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9
Q

What is the structure of H2O

A

A bent molecule at 105 degrees, polar molecule can form 4 Hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

If a molecule shares electrons equally its called a

A

nonpolar covalent bond

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11
Q

If electrons are shared unequally its called a

A

polar bond

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12
Q

How do enzymes increase the rate of a biological reaction?

A

By lowering the energy of activation for forward and reverse reactions

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13
Q

Delta G: Free Energy represents

A

the energy available to do work

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14
Q

+Delta G is

A

non-spontaneous

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15
Q

-Delta G is

A

spontaneous

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16
Q

What does a spontaneous reaction mean?

A

The reaction goes to completion (to the right) by over 50%
Delta G =0 at equilibrium

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17
Q

Delta H: Enthalpy

A

Heat
*almost all exothermic (heat-releasing) processes are spontaneous

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18
Q

Delta S: Entropy

A

the amount of randomness or disorder in a system

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19
Q

pH=

A

-log[H30+]

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20
Q

pOH=

A

-log[OH-]

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21
Q

Acids will donate what?

A

H+ ions

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22
Q

Bases will accept what?

A

H+ ions

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23
Q

A large Ka =

A

a small pKa, means its a strong acid

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24
Q

pKa=

A

-logKa

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25
Q

What is a buffer?

A

a compound that resists pH change
*a weak acid or base and its salt

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26
Q

To solve buffer questions use the Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

A

pH=pKa+ log [base]/[acid]

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27
Q

Energy can be put into 2 categories

A

1.) Kinetic: energy of motion (blood flow)
2.) Potential: energy that is stored (glycogen)

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28
Q

Temperature is a measure of what?

A

Average kinetic energy

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29
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics:

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only transferred or changed from one form to another

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30
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics:

A

The entropy (disorder) of the universe is increasing over time
-all processes involve heat loss, with no process being 100% efficient

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31
Q

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

A

As the temperature approaches absolute zero (-273C or 0K), the entropy of a system is minimum

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32
Q

What is heat?

A

The transfer of thermal energy between 2 bodies

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33
Q

What is the direction heat travels?

A

From hot object to cold object

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34
Q

What is an open system?

A

Mass and energy can exchange
ex: H2O in an open container

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35
Q

What is a closed system?

A

Allows energy to transfer, but not mass
ex: H2O in a closed flask

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36
Q

What is an isolated system?

A

Neither energy nor mass can transfer
ex: H2O in a flask is closed and placed in a vacuum jacket

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37
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

It gives off heat so the surroundings get hot

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38
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

It absorbs heat so the surroundings get cold

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39
Q

Solid to Liquid

A

Melting delta H is +

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40
Q

Liquid to Solid

A

Freezing delta H is -

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41
Q

Liquid to Gas

A

Vaporization (boiling) delta H is +

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42
Q

Gas to Liquid

A

Condensing delta H is -

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43
Q

Solid to Gas

A

Sublimation delta H is +

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44
Q

Gas to Solid

A

Deposition delta H is -

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45
Q

What does ATP drive?

A

Endergonic reactions to become exergonic

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46
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Degradative free-energy yielding reactions

47
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Other enzyme-catalyzed pathways that start from precursor molecules and convert them into larger and more complex acids
*pathways require energy input

48
Q

ATP is the crosslink between what 2 pathways?

A

catabolic and anabolic

49
Q

The body maintains the concentration of ATP in a steady state… how?

A

The body makes ATP and breaks it down as it is needed to maintain homeostasis

50
Q

What are Chemotrophs?

A

A class of organisms that derive free energy from the oxidation of fuel molecules

51
Q

What are the 2 major electron carriers?

A

NADH and FADH2

52
Q

What molecule goes into the TCA Cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

53
Q

What are others names for carbohydrates?

A

sugars and starches

54
Q

If you are at a chiral carbon and the OH is on the right it has what kind of configuration?

A

R

55
Q

If you are at a chiral carbon and the OH is on the left it has what kind of configuration?

A

S

56
Q

Alpha and beta sugar represent diastereomers called what?

A

Anomers

57
Q

How many sugars do Oligosaccharides have?

A

4-10

58
Q

How many sugars do Polysaccharides have?

A

Usually over 10

59
Q

How are disaccharides made?

A

By the linking of monosaccharides in a process called dehydration synthesis

60
Q

What is chitin?

A

A derivative of glucose
A component of cell walls in fungi and part of the exoskeleton of arthropods, such as crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, shrimp) as well as insects

61
Q

How are sugars formed?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

62
Q

How is sucrose formed?

A

By a 1,2-linkage between glucose and fructose

63
Q

What is cellulose and why is it important?

A

A linear polymer of glucose with B 1,4 glycosidic linkages
*we as humans lack the enzyme required to break this linkage
*cellulose is the most abundant component in the biosphere!!!!

64
Q

What is amylose?

A

A linear polymer of glucose composed of Alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkages
*most starch from plants is 20% amylose

65
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

A branched polymer of glucose, alpha 1,4 linkages
*most starch in plants is 80% amylopectin

66
Q

What is glycogen?

A

animal starch

67
Q

What is glucose stored as and where is it stored?

A

It is stored as glycogen and is found mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles
*glycogen is very large branched molecule

68
Q

Excess lipids are stored as what?

A

Fat

69
Q

What are 4 facts about lipids?

A
  1. They are used for energy
  2. Components of nerve cells
  3. Used for protection
  4. Membrane components
70
Q

What are waxes?

A

Esters of fatty acids and of long-chain alcohols

71
Q

Saturated fats are what at room temperature?

A

Solid

72
Q

Unsaturated fats are what at room temperature?

A

Oils

73
Q

Which lipids has the lowest melting point and why?

A

Unsaturated fats - have one more double bonds between carbons putting a “kink” into the molecule preventing it from packing tightly
*lowers the interactions of Van Der Waals so unsaturation increases as does the fluidity!!!

74
Q

How do we maintain flexibility and prevent a membrane from becoming rigid? Where is this seen?

A

We increase the percentage of unsaturated fats in the membrane!

This is seen in fish and other cold-blooded animals that need to adapt to colder temperatures

75
Q

If it gets too hot what gets increased saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?

A

saturated fatty acids

76
Q

If it gets too cold what gets increased

A

percentage of unsaturated fatty acids

77
Q

What is the design of steroids?

A

It has 3 six-membered rings and 1 five-membered ring

78
Q

Prostaglandins are derived from what acid

A

Arachidonic acid

79
Q

Prostaglandins make up what?

A

Things such as estrogen, cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone

80
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

an unsaturated steroid alcohol which makes up a large part of membranes. It works locally with nearby cells and works together with hormones

81
Q

What can prostaglandins like cholesterol do in some organs?

A
  1. help regulate blood flow
  2. effect nerve transmission
82
Q

If you radio-label a S atom, it is likely to end up in a what?

A

Protein!!! They contain C,H,N,O,S

83
Q

Proteins are made up of individual units called what?

A

Amino Acids

84
Q

Some amino acids are H2O soluble this means that they are ?

A

Hydrophillic (water loving)

85
Q

Some amino acids are H2O insoluble this means they are?

A

Hydrophobic (water fearing)

86
Q

Essential amino acids must be obtained from what?

A

The diet

87
Q

Amino acids exist as salts allowing them to have what kind of melting points?

A

High melting points and making them water soluble

88
Q

In a highly acidic environment we see what?

A

NH3+ and COOH

89
Q

In a highly basic environment we see what?

A

NH2 and COO-

90
Q

Amino acids can link together for what kind of bond as water is removed?

A

Peptide bond

91
Q

In a protein several attractive forces or bonds can be found:

A

Hydrogen bonding, salt bridge, disulfide linkage, hydrophobic interacgtions

92
Q

If a peptide had six amino acids we have how many peptide bonds?

A

five

93
Q

The primary protein structure consists of what?

A

sequence of amino acids, held by covalent bonds including the disulfide bond

94
Q

The secondary structure of proteins consist of what?

A

the 3D configuration of localized regions (helix of B-pleated sheet held together by hydrogen bonds)

95
Q

The tertiary structure of proteins consists of what?

A

The 3D shape of the whole moelcule held by H bonding, disulfide bonds, salt bridges (electrostatic interactions) and Van der Waals (hydrophobic interactions)

96
Q

What is the quartenary structure of proteins?

A

1 polypeptide chain interacting with another the same 4 attractions present in tertiary are also present here

97
Q

What happens during the digestion of proteins?

A

the breakdown of the amide or peptide bond of the protein so the primary structure is lost

98
Q

What happens during the denaturation of proteins?

A

The primary structure remains the same but the 2,3 and 4th structures are lost

99
Q

What are some possible denaturing agents?

A

Heat, radiation, detergents, strong acids/bases, salts of heavy metals, urea

100
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers, what are the monomers of nucleic acids called?

A

nucleotides

101
Q

What 3 things make up a nucleotide?

A
  1. sugar
  2. phosphate
  3. Nitrogen base
102
Q

Purines consist of what nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine and Guanine they have 2 rings

103
Q

Pyrimidines consists of what nitrogenous bases?

A

Cytosine, Uracil and thymine they have 1 ring

104
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

A sugar and nitrogenous base

105
Q

What forms the structural framework of DNA and RNA?

A

The sugar-phosphate “backbone”

106
Q

What is a phosphodiester link and where is it found?

A

It is a connection between successive monomer units in nucleic acids

It is between the 3’ OH group of one sugar and the 5’ OH of another sugar

107
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

The living substance of the cell it includes the
1. cytoplasm: involves the contents of the cell excluding the nucleus
2. karyoplasm: simply forms the contents of the nucleus

108
Q

What separates the cytoplasm from its extracellular environment?

A

The plasma membrane (plasmalemma)

109
Q

What is the cytoplasm mainly composed of?

A

It is mainly H2O and various organic and inorganic substances that are dissolved or even suspended

110
Q

What is the fluid suspension of the cytoplasm called?

A

cytosol

111
Q

The phospholipid molecule of the lipid bilayer is made up of a what?

A

Polar head group and 2 long nonpolar fatty acyl tails

112
Q

Lipids and many membrane proteins are in what kind of motion?

A

constant lateral motion

113
Q

What is e

A

DAT Biology (1 decks)

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