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BIO 152 > BIO 152 Exam One > Flashcards

BIO 152 Exam One Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of alleles from one population to another

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2
Q

Genetic Drift

A

In small populations, allele frequency may change by chance

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3
Q

Nonrandom Mating - Assortative Mating

A

Phenotypically similar individuals, increases proportion of homozygous individuals

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4
Q

Speciation

A

New species created by existing species that possess their own unique traits

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5
Q

Natural Selection

A

Environmental conditions determine which individuals produce most offspring

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6
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Breeder selects traits

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7
Q

Natural selection is a:

A

Process

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8
Q

Result of evolution by natural selection:

A

Populations adapt to their environment

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9
Q

Relative Concept

A

The most fit phenotype is the one that produces the greatest number of offspring

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10
Q

Frequency-Dependent Selection

A

Fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency within the population

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11
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene affects multiple phenotypic traits that are unrelated

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12
Q

Descent with Modification

A

Given diversity of life

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13
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Structures with different appearances and functions that are derived from the same body part in a common ancestor

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14
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Similar forms having evolved in different isolated areas because of similar selective pressures in similar environments

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15
Q

Natural selection does not imply…

A

Evolution

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16
Q

Sympatric Species

A

Occur together in an area
-Distinctive entities
-Phenotypically different
-Use different parts of habitat
-Behave different

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17
Q

Behavioral Evolution

A

Sympatric species avoid mating with members of the wrong species in a variety of ways, including:
-Visual Signals
-Sound Production
-Chemical Signals
-Electrical Signals

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18
Q

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

A

Prevent proper function of zygotes after they form

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19
Q

Genetic Drift can cause…

A

Isolation

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20
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

One species splits into two at a single locality, without the two new species ever having been geographically separated

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21
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Geographically separated (allopatric) populations appear much more likely to have evolved substantial differences leading to speciation; gene flow interrupted

22
Q

Genome Doubling/Polyploidy

A

Individual that has more than two sets of chromosomes = polyploidy

23
Q

Autoploidy

A

All chromosomes arise from a single species, error in cell division produces tetraploids, cannot produce fertile offspring

24
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Two species hybridize, offspring have one copy of the chromosomes of each species
-Infertile unless chromosomes doubled, then can breed with tetraploids

25
Q

At what speeds can Speciation happen?

A

Speciation can happen rapidly or slowly an can result in changes in a few genes or many genes

26
Q

Ancestral Characteristic

A

Similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

27
Q

Derived Characteristic

A

Similarity arose more recently and is shared only by a subset of the species

28
Q

Clade

A

Species that share a common ancestor as indicated by the possession of shared derived characteristics

29
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Derived character shared by clade members

30
Q

Plesiomorphies

A

Ancestral states

31
Q

Symplesiomorphies

A

Shared ancestral states

32
Q

Homoplasy

A

A shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor

33
Q

Parsimony

A

Favors the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions

34
Q

Molecular Clocks

A

Rate of evolution of a molecule is constant through time

34
Q

Monophyletic Group

A

Includes the most recent common ancestor of the groups and all of its descendants (clade)

35
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A

Most recent common ancestor of a group but not all its descendants

36
Q

Polyphyletic Group

A

Does not include most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

37
Q

Homologous Genes

A

Orthologs - Genes separated by speciation

38
Q

Analogous Genes

A

Paralogs - Genes separated by duplication

39
Q

Homoplasy/Homoplastic Covergence

A

Similar traits have evolved independently in different clades

40
Q

Geological Evidence suggests a meteor hit earth…

A

4.6 billion years ago

41
Q

No rocks existed from the…

A

Hadean Era (1st 500-700 million years)

42
Q

Life emerged in the…

A

Archaean Era
-Proterozoic (early life) eon occurred
-2 billion years into earths history

43
Q

Biomarkers

A

Look for evidence of ancient organic molecules of biological origin

44
Q

Shifiting plates…

A

Affect evolution by reproductively isolating populations or allowing previously separate populations to interbreed

45
Q

Cenozoic era began…

A

65 million years ago

46
Q

Rapid Diversification occurred during the…

A

Cambrian Explosion (542-488 million years ago)

47
Q

Adaptive Radiations

A

Rapid period of evolutionary change where many new species arise and adapt to different ecological niches

48
Q

Multicellularity allowed…

A

Organisms to deal with environment in novel ways through differentiation

49
Q

Hardy-Weinburg Principle/Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium

A

-No mutation
-No genes are transferred to and from other sources
-Random mating is occurring
-Population size is large
-No selection occurs

BIO 152 (1 decks)

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