Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 124 > Bio 124 Chap 1 > Flashcards

Bio 124 Chap 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology

A

Biology is the study of life both past and present and its relationship with the nonliving world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

7 characteristics of life

A

Cellular
Growth and Development
Response to its environment
Reproduce
Regulation (homeostasis)
Energy processing (Producer like plants and algae and consumers like animals and mushrooms)
Evolutionary adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tell me the organizational levels of life

A

Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles (In the nucleus)
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the concept of organizational levels of life (small to large)

A

Emergent properties arise as you move from the smallest parts to a more complex systems biology: When small parts are grouped together, they gain more properties and move up a level!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the groups’ organisation of life and describe them

A

Population: Individuals of the same species (us)
Communities: Different populations in the same environment (us and bacteria)
Ecosystem: communities interacting with the non-living environment (us in the classroom)
Biosphere: the worldwide sum of all ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the lowest level of life with all 7 characteristics

A

Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the cell theory

A

Suggest that all living organism are composed of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 structures of a cell

A

Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is DNA

A

genetic information of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a genome

A

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are are Chromosomes

A

Long DNA strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are genes

A

They are segment of chromosomes that code for specific proteins and cellular actions and are the instructions of the cells (gene expression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells

A

They are small and simple cell, lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells

A

Larger and more complex cells, they have membrane-enclosed organelles including a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is evolution

A

Evolution is the change in a population over time leading to unique descendants that share a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What kind of cells are Domain bacterias and Domain archaea

A

Prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of cells are animals, plants, fungi, protists

A

Eukaryotic (more complex!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is natural selection

A

Natural selection is the process by whch a population adapts to its environment over generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does Darwin propose for natural selection to occur?

A

The population needs variable traits to produce offspring through competition for the best-suited. The environmental pressures will help select specific traits that lead to the population growing with these particular traits and adapting over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

Cladorgpahs are proposed evolutionary relationships between organisms based on available evidence. They are diagrams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are we all connected?

A

All living things have 7 characteristics containing DNA and population interaction in communities and ecosystems. All living things share common ancestors and have evolved unique adaptations to their environment over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is science

A

is a body of knowledge about the natural world acquired through observation and experimentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are observations?

A

Description, measurements, or records of objects and natural phenomena (data) which can lead to scientific questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two types of observational studies

A

Quantitative (numerical)
Qualitative (descriptive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hypothesis, what is that

A

Possible answer, logical and testable explanation of the observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are experimental studies. Explain it in full (with groups, variables etc)

A

They test the hypothesis to support or refute them. They must be falsifiable and produce predictions that can be tested as true or false.
Also, include a control group (IV not manipulated) and an experimental group (Independent variables manipulated)
Data is then analyse via graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What makes a good hypothesis

A

logical and testable explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What prokaryote ad eukaryote have in common

A

Cell Membrane

DNA

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Scientific Facts and theory what is the difference

A

Facts are truth; direct and repeatable finding strongly supported by science
Theory are more on the larger scale they are accepted and supported and explain natural phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the law of use and disuse, who said that

A

When you arent using a structure : Penguins with small wings - Larmark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Transmission of aquired characteristic - what is it and who said that

A

Lamark- Passing on strength for example. Not how it works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 4 major type of data that document the pattern of evolution

A

Direct observation of natural selection
Comparative anatomy
Fossil Record
Biogeography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give an example of direct observation linked with evolution

A

Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotic or soapberry bugs adapting their beak dependent on fruit size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Homologous structures

A

Anatomical ressemblances that represent variatios ion a structural theme present in a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is vestigial structures

A

Structures that were oce useful ancestrally but became less important over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is molecular homology

A

Recognize that all life uses DNA for genetic information and many share common genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Analogous structures

A

Arise when population are faced with similar environmental pressures despite different ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Convergent evolution

A

is the evolution of analogous structures

39
Q

Divergent evolution

A

is the evolution of homologous structures

40
Q

Fossils - what are they

A

are preserved remains of ancient organisms

41
Q

Biogeographie

A

is the geographic distribution of species (life on land!)

42
Q

Endemic Species

A

Are restricted to a unique geographic area

43
Q

Evidence of evolution - Name 4

A

Natural selection in action (bacteria resistance, artificial selection, soap berry bugs)
Homologies Structures of common origins
Fossil records: See that cetaceans evolved from terrestrial mammals
Biogeography: Geographic distribution of species

44
Q

Explain pre-darwin view of life

A

It was really influenced by religion, fixed number of species (think Noa’s boat) Fixed hierarchy with humans at the top, no change over time

45
Q

Describe natural selection

A

It increase of decrease heritable traits - adaptations vary depending on the environmental pressures/ Population evolve overtime not the individuals

46
Q

What is paleontology

A

Study of fossils - investigate the history of life on earth

47
Q

Give the order of the Major events and their details

A

-4.6 bya - Earth forms
-4.4 bya Oceans form (Primodial Soup)
- 3,8 bya - first prokaryotic life
Evidence: Stromatolites (geological structures formed by colonies of organism)
-Photosynthesis begins! 3bya - Cyanobacteria emerged. Releasing o2 as a waste
-Great Oxygen Event. Major extinction of prokaryote but some group survived and adapted using cellular respiration
-First eukaryotic life
(Endosymbiont Theory: Prokaryte paralized other pro to form eurk)
-1.6 bya first multicellular life (surface to volume ratio problems) - algea most likely the first
- Cambrian Explosion: Animals begin to use minerals in sea waters to form skeletons
-500mya, animals started to colonized land (Advantage; new food source, rich nutrients, fewer predator)
Disadvantaged: Drying out, withstand gravity, reproduction method changing)
365mya: First tetrapod’s and arthropods(Plants consuming c02 began to explode in numbers
-359-299 mya - Carboniferous Period: Plants created MASSIVE amount of oxygen
(Less c02=cool down of planet) carbon sunk into swamp, soil etc.) and now we are releasing that!
299-251 mya Super continent Pangea: plate tectonics move slowly, continental drift - Endosperm emerged
252mya: Permian-Triassic Extinction event: Volcanic activity, too much C02 leading to ocean acidification and global warming
-225mya- Mammals emerged
100mya: Flowering plants and flying insects emerged
65 K-T extinction event: 75%of plant and animals die off
- Mammals rule! Adaptive radiation: rapid increase in nunmber if species from a group of organism

48
Q

What is abiogenesis

A

Scientific theory that life arose from non-living chemicals, approx 4 bya

49
Q

Anaerobic

A

No oxygens in atmosphere, related to prokaryotes that do not need oxygen for metabolism

50
Q

What is a mass extinction

A

Large loses of diversity, takes a long time for it to recover. 5 mass extinction on earth

51
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between organism

52
Q

Taxonomy

A

science of naming and grouping organism to construct an internationally shared classification system

53
Q

What is a taxa

A

The group that organism are organised in (Kingdom, domain etc.)

54
Q

What is a binomial naming system

A

it is scientific names made out of genus and species. Italicized or underlined if handwritten

55
Q

Phylogenetic Trees and its part

A

Proposed evolutionary relationships
Each tre is rooted by a common ancestor for all taxa in the tree
Branching point: two lineage diverge from a recent common ancestor
Mot recent branching: Sister taxa

56
Q

Homologies

A

Similarities due to share ancestry

57
Q

What is shared derived trait

A

Homologous trait (divergent) that seperate them from other group as well as from their common ancestor.

58
Q

Outgroup

A

The group that lack derived trait

59
Q

What is Clade

A

the groups in a phylogenetic tree that shared a common ancestor

60
Q

Non-heritable variation

A

Variation that doesn’t result from genetic differences but rather from environmental influences (Catapillar taking the colour of what they eat)

61
Q

What is a species

A

Organisms that can interbreed and prduce viable and fertile offspring

62
Q

DNA - define

A

a macromolecule that stores genetic info

63
Q

What is a chromosone

A

Long strand of DNA

64
Q

Genes, define

A

Segment of our DNA that code for certain character

65
Q

Allele, define

A

Different form of the same gene

66
Q

What do you call an organism with 2 set of chromosone

A

Diploid

67
Q

What is the genotype

A

Set of allele at a particular gene

68
Q

How do you call different allele at a particular gene

A

Heterozygous

69
Q

How do you call same allele at a particular gene

A

Homozygous

70
Q

What is a phenotype

A

How the gene are express (physical concequence)

71
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

They are always express no mater the genotype

72
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

Only expressed if dominant allele is absent

73
Q

Gene Pool

A

sum of all allele and genes variants in a population

74
Q

Allele Frequency, what is that

A

Relative proportion of each allele (how often you see it in a population) -When the frequency changes overtime, the population is evolving

75
Q

Hardy Equilibrium - define

A

States that a populations allele and genotype frequencies are constant unless an evolutionary force is acting upon them
Allele frequency: p+q=1
Frequencie of genotype: p2+2pq+q2

76
Q

What are the 5 force of evolution that can disrupte H-W equilibirum

A

Genetic Drift (Bottle neck effect severe drop of population, killing seals for example)
Founder effect: Few individuals get isolated from main pop
Non-Random mating (heritable traits, pressure from environment)
Mutations in gametes (Bacteria)
Gene flow (migration)
Natural Selection (leads to adaptation)

77
Q

Inter vs intersexual selection

A

Intersexual = mate choice
Intersexual= compétition

78
Q

Sexual dimosphism

A

When female looks very different then male in a population

79
Q

Good gene Hypothesis

A

When female choose certain male traits that are related to male health

80
Q

Mutation

A

Random errors in DNA and are the ultimate source of new allele in pop
Rarely adaptive

81
Q

Mutation

A

Random errors in DNA and are the ultimate source of new allele in pop
Rarely adaptive

82
Q

Gene flow

A

Migration of organism from one pop to another.
Can lead to improved or decreased population fitness

83
Q

Relative fitness

A

Contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation.
Relative to the contribution of others

84
Q

Natural selection favour certain genotype
Define the movement it can take

A

Directional: favour individuals at one end of the range
Disruptive: favour individuals at both end
Stabilizing: favour individuals in the middle

85
Q

Balancing selection what is it and then does it occurred

A

When being heterozygotes has an advantage in the population
And
When there is frequency-dependant selection when the fitness of a phenotype decrease when it’s too common

86
Q

Biological species concept

A

Describe a species as one that can create viable and fertille offspring between members

87
Q

What is micro evolution and macroevolution

A

Consist of changes in allele frequency in a population over short time (5 forces of evolution)
Macro refers t broad patterns of evolution that lead to new species over longer time

88
Q

What is speciation

A

Formation of 2 or more species from one ancestral population

89
Q

What is needed for speciation to happen

A

They need to be reproductively isolated (Reproductive barrier)

90
Q

Give example of pre-zygotic barriers

A

Pre-zygotic: Form a barrier before the egg and sperm meet
Geographic isolation
Behavioural
Temporal
Habitat
Mechanical
Gametic

91
Q

Give example of post-zygotic barriers

A

Reduced hybrid viability: Maladaptive and lead to death (Young salamender that eventually died because of weakness)
Reduced hybrid fertility: (Mule) chromosone of two parents differ too much so the young can not reproduce
Hybrid breakdown: first generation of offspring is fertile but not the second

92
Q

What is allopatric and sympatric speciation

A

Allopatric means other homeland. Geographic isolation is Allopatric. All the others are sympatric

93
Q

Hybrid Zone

A

When the reproductive barrier is incomplete, two population might interbreed

94
Q
A

Bio 124 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions