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Bio 124 > Bio 124 Chap 1 > Flashcards

Bio 124 Chap 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biology

A

Biology is the study of life both past and present and its relationship with the nonliving world

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2
Q

7 characteristics of life

A

Cellular
Growth and Development
Response to its environment
Reproduce
Regulation (homeostasis)
Energy processing (Producer like plants and algae and consumers like animals and mushrooms)
Evolutionary adaptation

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3
Q

Tell me the organizational levels of life

A

Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles (In the nucleus)
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism

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4
Q

What is the concept of organizational levels of life (small to large)

A

Emergent properties arise as you move from the smallest parts to a more complex systems biology: When small parts are grouped together, they gain more properties and move up a level!

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5
Q

What are the groups’ organisation of life and describe them

A

Population: Individuals of the same species (us)
Communities: Different populations in the same environment (us and bacteria)
Ecosystem: communities interacting with the non-living environment (us in the classroom)
Biosphere: the worldwide sum of all ecosystems

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6
Q

What is the lowest level of life with all 7 characteristics

A

Cell

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7
Q

What is the cell theory

A

Suggest that all living organism are composed of cells

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8
Q

What are the 4 structures of a cell

A

Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA

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9
Q

What is DNA

A

genetic information of a cell

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10
Q

What is a genome

A

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell

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11
Q

Are are Chromosomes

A

Long DNA strands

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12
Q

What are genes

A

They are segment of chromosomes that code for specific proteins and cellular actions and are the instructions of the cells (gene expression)

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13
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells

A

They are small and simple cell, lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelle

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14
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells

A

Larger and more complex cells, they have membrane-enclosed organelles including a nucleus

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15
Q

What is evolution

A

Evolution is the change in a population over time leading to unique descendants that share a common ancestor

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15
Q

What kind of cells are Domain bacterias and Domain archaea

A

Prokaryotic

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16
Q

What kind of cells are animals, plants, fungi, protists

A

Eukaryotic (more complex!)

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17
Q

What is natural selection

A

Natural selection is the process by whch a population adapts to its environment over generations

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18
Q

What does Darwin propose for natural selection to occur?

A

The population needs variable traits to produce offspring through competition for the best-suited. The environmental pressures will help select specific traits that lead to the population growing with these particular traits and adapting over time

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19
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

Cladorgpahs are proposed evolutionary relationships between organisms based on available evidence. They are diagrams

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20
Q

How are we all connected?

A

All living things have 7 characteristics containing DNA and population interaction in communities and ecosystems. All living things share common ancestors and have evolved unique adaptations to their environment over time.

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21
Q

What is science

A

is a body of knowledge about the natural world acquired through observation and experimentation

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22
Q

What are observations?

A

Description, measurements, or records of objects and natural phenomena (data) which can lead to scientific questions

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23
Q

What are the two types of observational studies

A

Quantitative (numerical)
Qualitative (descriptive)

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24
Hypothesis, what is that
Possible answer, logical and testable explanation of the observation
25
What are experimental studies. Explain it in full (with groups, variables etc)
They test the hypothesis to support or refute them. They must be falsifiable and produce predictions that can be tested as true or false. Also, include a control group (IV not manipulated) and an experimental group (Independent variables manipulated) Data is then analyse via graph
26
What makes a good hypothesis
logical and testable explanation
27
What prokaryote ad eukaryote have in common
Cell Membrane DNA Ribosomes Cytoplasm
28
Scientific Facts and theory what is the difference
Facts are truth; direct and repeatable finding strongly supported by science Theory are more on the larger scale they are accepted and supported and explain natural phenomena
29
What is the law of use and disuse, who said that
When you arent using a structure : Penguins with small wings - Larmark
30
Transmission of aquired characteristic - what is it and who said that
Lamark- Passing on strength for example. Not how it works
31
Artificial Selection
Humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits
32
What are the 4 major type of data that document the pattern of evolution
Direct observation of natural selection Comparative anatomy Fossil Record Biogeography
33
Give an example of direct observation linked with evolution
Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotic or soapberry bugs adapting their beak dependent on fruit size
34
Homologous structures
Anatomical ressemblances that represent variatios ion a structural theme present in a common ancestor
35
What is vestigial structures
Structures that were oce useful ancestrally but became less important over time
36
What is molecular homology
Recognize that all life uses DNA for genetic information and many share common genes
37
Analogous structures
Arise when population are faced with similar environmental pressures despite different ancestry
38
Convergent evolution
is the evolution of analogous structures
39
Divergent evolution
is the evolution of homologous structures
40
Fossils - what are they
are preserved remains of ancient organisms
41
Biogeographie
is the geographic distribution of species (life on land!)
42
Endemic Species
Are restricted to a unique geographic area
43
Evidence of evolution - Name 4
Natural selection in action (bacteria resistance, artificial selection, soap berry bugs) Homologies Structures of common origins Fossil records: See that cetaceans evolved from terrestrial mammals Biogeography: Geographic distribution of species
44
Explain pre-darwin view of life
It was really influenced by religion, fixed number of species (think Noa's boat) Fixed hierarchy with humans at the top, no change over time
45
Describe natural selection
It increase of decrease heritable traits - adaptations vary depending on the environmental pressures/ Population evolve overtime not the individuals
46
What is paleontology
Study of fossils - investigate the history of life on earth
47
Give the order of the Major events and their details
-4.6 bya - Earth forms -4.4 bya Oceans form (Primodial Soup) - 3,8 bya - first prokaryotic life Evidence: Stromatolites (geological structures formed by colonies of organism) -Photosynthesis begins! 3bya - Cyanobacteria emerged. Releasing o2 as a waste -Great Oxygen Event. Major extinction of prokaryote but some group survived and adapted using cellular respiration -First eukaryotic life (Endosymbiont Theory: Prokaryte paralized other pro to form eurk) -1.6 bya first multicellular life (surface to volume ratio problems) - algea most likely the first - Cambrian Explosion: Animals begin to use minerals in sea waters to form skeletons -500mya, animals started to colonized land (Advantage; new food source, rich nutrients, fewer predator) Disadvantaged: Drying out, withstand gravity, reproduction method changing) 365mya: First tetrapod's and arthropods(Plants consuming c02 began to explode in numbers -359-299 mya - Carboniferous Period: Plants created MASSIVE amount of oxygen (Less c02=cool down of planet) carbon sunk into swamp, soil etc.) and now we are releasing that! 299-251 mya Super continent Pangea: plate tectonics move slowly, continental drift - Endosperm emerged 252mya: Permian-Triassic Extinction event: Volcanic activity, too much C02 leading to ocean acidification and global warming -225mya- Mammals emerged 100mya: Flowering plants and flying insects emerged 65 K-T extinction event: 75%of plant and animals die off - Mammals rule! Adaptive radiation: rapid increase in nunmber if species from a group of organism
48
What is abiogenesis
Scientific theory that life arose from non-living chemicals, approx 4 bya
49
Anaerobic
No oxygens in atmosphere, related to prokaryotes that do not need oxygen for metabolism
50
What is a mass extinction
Large loses of diversity, takes a long time for it to recover. 5 mass extinction on earth
51
What is phylogeny
The study of evolutionary relationships between organism
52
Taxonomy
science of naming and grouping organism to construct an internationally shared classification system
53
What is a taxa
The group that organism are organised in (Kingdom, domain etc.)
54
What is a binomial naming system
it is scientific names made out of genus and species. Italicized or underlined if handwritten
55
Phylogenetic Trees and its part
Proposed evolutionary relationships Each tre is rooted by a common ancestor for all taxa in the tree Branching point: two lineage diverge from a recent common ancestor Mot recent branching: Sister taxa
56
Homologies
Similarities due to share ancestry
57
What is shared derived trait
Homologous trait (divergent) that seperate them from other group as well as from their common ancestor.
58
Outgroup
The group that lack derived trait
59
What is Clade
the groups in a phylogenetic tree that shared a common ancestor
60
Non-heritable variation
Variation that doesn't result from genetic differences but rather from environmental influences (Catapillar taking the colour of what they eat)
61
What is a species
Organisms that can interbreed and prduce viable and fertile offspring
62
DNA - define
a macromolecule that stores genetic info
63
What is a chromosone
Long strand of DNA
64
Genes, define
Segment of our DNA that code for certain character
65
Allele, define
Different form of the same gene
66
What do you call an organism with 2 set of chromosone
Diploid
67
What is the genotype
Set of allele at a particular gene
68
How do you call different allele at a particular gene
Heterozygous
69
How do you call same allele at a particular gene
Homozygous
70
What is a phenotype
How the gene are express (physical concequence)
71
What is a dominant allele
They are always express no mater the genotype
72
What is a recessive allele
Only expressed if dominant allele is absent
73
Gene Pool
sum of all allele and genes variants in a population
74
Allele Frequency, what is that
Relative proportion of each allele (how often you see it in a population) -When the frequency changes overtime, the population is evolving
75
Hardy Equilibrium - define
States that a populations allele and genotype frequencies are constant unless an evolutionary force is acting upon them Allele frequency: p+q=1 Frequencie of genotype: p2+2pq+q2
76
What are the 5 force of evolution that can disrupte H-W equilibirum
Genetic Drift (Bottle neck effect severe drop of population, killing seals for example) Founder effect: Few individuals get isolated from main pop Non-Random mating (heritable traits, pressure from environment) Mutations in gametes (Bacteria) Gene flow (migration) Natural Selection (leads to adaptation)
77
Inter vs intersexual selection
Intersexual = mate choice Intersexual= compétition
78
Sexual dimosphism
When female looks very different then male in a population
79
Good gene Hypothesis
When female choose certain male traits that are related to male health
80
Mutation
Random errors in DNA and are the ultimate source of new allele in pop Rarely adaptive
81
Mutation
Random errors in DNA and are the ultimate source of new allele in pop Rarely adaptive
82
Gene flow
Migration of organism from one pop to another. Can lead to improved or decreased population fitness
83
Relative fitness
Contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation. Relative to the contribution of others
84
Natural selection favour certain genotype Define the movement it can take
Directional: favour individuals at one end of the range Disruptive: favour individuals at both end Stabilizing: favour individuals in the middle
85
Balancing selection what is it and then does it occurred
When being heterozygotes has an advantage in the population And When there is frequency-dependant selection when the fitness of a phenotype decrease when it's too common
86
Biological species concept
Describe a species as one that can create viable and fertille offspring between members
87
What is micro evolution and macroevolution
Consist of changes in allele frequency in a population over short time (5 forces of evolution) Macro refers t broad patterns of evolution that lead to new species over longer time
88
What is speciation
Formation of 2 or more species from one ancestral population
89
What is needed for speciation to happen
They need to be reproductively isolated (Reproductive barrier)
90
Give example of pre-zygotic barriers
Pre-zygotic: Form a barrier before the egg and sperm meet Geographic isolation Behavioural Temporal Habitat Mechanical Gametic
91
Give example of post-zygotic barriers
Reduced hybrid viability: Maladaptive and lead to death (Young salamender that eventually died because of weakness) Reduced hybrid fertility: (Mule) chromosone of two parents differ too much so the young can not reproduce Hybrid breakdown: first generation of offspring is fertile but not the second
92
What is allopatric and sympatric speciation
Allopatric means other homeland. Geographic isolation is Allopatric. All the others are sympatric
93
Hybrid Zone
When the reproductive barrier is incomplete, two population might interbreed
94

Bio 124 (3 decks)

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