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Linguistics > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Consonant

- characteristics

A
  • Restrictions or closure in the vocal tract impeding the airstream
  • Noise element, no harmonic vibration
  • cannot be centre of a syllable
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2
Q

Place of articulation

A

Describes exact place where the airstream is obstructed.

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3
Q

Manner of articulation

A

Describes the type or degree of closure of the speech organs,
I.e. how the airstream is modified in the vocal tract

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4
Q

Manner of articulation

Name all of them

A 
Plosive
Fricative
Affricate 
Nasal 
Lateral 
Approximant
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5
Q

State of glottis

A

Voiced
Voiceless

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6
Q

Voiced

A

Vibration of the vocal folds (vocal folds close together)

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7
Q

Voiceless

A

No vibration of vocal folds (Vocal folds apart)

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8
Q

Plosive

A

Blocking the airstream completely, releasing air in a burst (exposive)

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9
Q

Fricative

A

Restricting the airstream at different places (friction)

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10
Q

Affricate

A

Moving from plosive to fricative (explosion then friction)

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11
Q

Nasal

A

Airstream is not moving out of your mouth but out of your nose

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12
Q

Lateral

A

Airstream passes through the sides of your tongue

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13
Q

Approximant

A

Least consonant like sounds, approximating vowels

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14
Q

/p/

A

plosive, biabial, voiceless

E.g.: pull

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15
Q

/b/

A

Plosive, bilabial, voiced

E.g.: burn

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16
Q

/t/

A

Plosive, alveolar, voiceless

E.g.: take

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17
Q

/d/

A

Plosive, alveolar, voiced

E.g.: dog

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18
Q

/k/

A

Plosive, velar, voiceless

E.g.: king

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19
Q

/g/

A

Plosive, velar, voiced

E.g.: get

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20
Q

/f/

A

Fricative, labiodental, voiceless

E.g.: fish

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21
Q

/v/

A

Fricative, labiodental, voiced

E.g.: vain

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22
Q

/θ/

A

Fricative, dental, voiceless

E.g.: thin

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23
Q

/ð/

A

Fricative, dental, voiced

E.g.: there

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24
Q

/s/

A

Fricative, alveolar, voiceless

E.g.: sin

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25
Q

/z/

A

Fricative, alveolar, voiced

E.g.: zoo

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26
Q

/ʃ/

A

Fricative, postalveolar, voiceless

E.g.: shine

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27
Q

/ʒ/

A

Fricative, postalveolar, voiced

E.g.: rouge

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28
Q

/h/

A

Fricative, glottal, voiceless

E.g.: high

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29
Q

/tʃ/

A

Affricate, postalveolar, voiceless

E.g.: chair

30
Q

/dʒ/

A

Affricate, postalveolar, voiced

E.g.: bridge

31
Q

/m/

A

Nasal, bilabial, voiced
E.g.: mouse

32
Q

/n/

A

Nasal, alveolar, voiced

E.g.: nose

33
Q

/ɳ/

A

Nasal, velar, voiced

E.g.: king

34
Q

/l/

A

Lateral, alveolar, voiced

E.g.: long

35
Q

/w/

A

Approximant, bilabial, voiced

E.g.: warn

36
Q

/r/

A

Approximant, postalveolar, voiced

E.g.: red

37
Q

/j/

A

Approximant, palatal, voiced

E.g.: yes

38
Q

Distinctive features of consonants

A
  • place of articulation
  • manner of articulation
  • state of glottis
39
Q

Minimal pair

A

Words that differ/ are distinguished in just one sound in the same position
E.g.:
-/b,ɪ,t/ /h,ɪ,t/differ in one phoneme

40
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit in language that distinguishes meaning.

41
Q

Vowel

- characteristics

A
  • no obstruction of the airstream
  • harmonic vibration, no noise element
  • can be centre of a syllable
42
Q

Distinctive features of a vowel

A
  • openess of the mouth
  • position of the tongue
  • long/ short
43
Q

Monophthong

A

No change in quality during articulation
E.g.: /fɪt/ (fit)
/ʃuːt/ (shoot)

44
Q

/iː/

A

Front, closed, long
Monophthong
E.g.: seat

45
Q

/ɪ/

A

Front, between closed and half-closed, short
Monophthong
E.g.: sit

46
Q

/ʊ/

A

Back, between closed and half closed, short
Monophthong
E.g.: foot, put

47
Q

/u:/

A

Back, closed, long
Monophthong
E.g.: food, boot

48
Q

/e/

A

Front, half-closed/ half-open, short
Monophthong
E.g.: set, pet

49
Q

/ɜ:/

A

Central, half-closed, long
Monophthong
E.g.: bird, heard

50
Q

/ə/

A

Central, half-open, short
Monophthong
E.g.: mother

51
Q

/ɔ:/

A

Back, between half-closed and half-open, long
Monophthong
E.g.: law

52
Q

/æ/

A

Front, open, short
Monophthong
E.g.: sat, pat

53
Q

/ʌ/

A

Central, open, short
Monophthong
E.g.: some, cut

54
Q

/ɑ:/

A

Back, open, long
Monophthong
E.g.: father

55
Q

/ɒ/

A

Back, open, short
Monophthong
E.g.: dog

56
Q

/eɪ/

A

Front, between half open and half-closed > front, closed, long
Closing diphthong
E.g.: mate, they, place

57
Q

/ʊə/

A

Back, closed > central, long
Centring Diphthongs
E.g.: sure, poor

58
Q

/əʊ/

A

Central, between half-closed and half-open > back, closed, long
Closing Diphthong
E.g.: home, so

59
Q

/aɪ/

A

Central, Open > Front, closed, long
Closing Diphthong
E.g.: my/ time

60
Q

/aʊ/

A

Back, open > back, closed, long
Closing Diphthong
E.g.: house, town

61
Q

/ɔɪ/

A

Back, half-open > front, closed, long
Closing Diphthong
E.g.: boy, oil

62
Q

/ɪə/

A

Front, closed > central, long
Centring Diphthong
E.g.: here, dear

63
Q

/eə/

A

Front, half-open > central, long
Centring Diphthong
E.g.: There, air

64
Q

Diphthong

A

Change of quality within one syllable
> both elements merge
/meɪk/ (make)
/ðeə/ (there)

  1. Closing Diphthong
  2. Centring Diphthong
65
Q

Allophone

A

Different realizations of one phoneme

Notations: [ ]

66
Q

Lexical Morphemes

A

Carry an independent meaning

E.g.: {-er} {un-} {dog}

67
Q

Grammatical Morphemes

A

Express grammatical relations

E.g.: {the} {-ed} {-s}

68
Q

Free lexical morpheme

A

-can stand alone
-content words
E.g.: {fair} {dog}

69
Q

Bound lexical morpheme

A

-bound to a word
-derivational morpheme
-indicates where it is bound (prefix or suffix) with a -
E.g.: {un-} {-er} {-ly}

70
Q

free grammatical morpheme

A

-function word

E.g.: {the} {but]

71
Q

Bound grammatical morpheme

A

-inflectional morpheme

E.g.: {-s} in dogs

Linguistics (1 decks)

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