B3.3 Muscle and motility Flashcards
What is the difference between mobility and motility in organisms?
Mobility refers to an organism’s ability to locomote and move from one location to another, while motility refers to any independent movement using metabolic energy, such as peristalsis in the digestive tract.
What is sessility in organisms?
Sessility is the trait by which an organism is fixed in its location and unable to move, such as plants that are sessile but can still exhibit motility through tropisms.
Are all organisms motile and mobile?
All organisms are motile, meaning they can independently move using energy, but not all organisms are mobile, meaning they can move from one location to another.
Why do organisms locomote? Provide three examples for each reason.
- Foraging for food: Bees fly to search for nectar.
- Escaping danger: Prey, like rabbits, move to avoid predators.
- Searching for a mate: Animals travel to find mates to avoid inbreeding.
- Migration: Birds migrate during colder seasons.
What is streamlining, and how does it help marine mammals swim?
Streamlining refers to the shape of marine animals, which minimizes water resistance by reducing drag and friction through smooth, hairless skin and a tapering body toward the rear.
How are the limbs of marine mammals adapted for swimming?
he limbs of marine mammals are adapted to form flippers for steering, and their fluked tails, which move up and down, provide increased thrust for swimming.
How have the airways of marine mammals adapted to allow for periodic breathing between dives?
Marine mammals have a blowhole for breathing that is not connected to the mouth, allowing them to close their airways during dives and breathe periodically when they surface.
What are the main components of a motor unit in skeletal muscle?
A motor unit consists of a motor neuron, muscle fibers, and neuromuscular junctions that connect them.
What are muscle fibers composed of?
Muscle fibers are made of myofibrils.
What is a neuromuscular junction, and what role does it play in muscle contraction?
A neuromuscular junction is a synapse connecting the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, using acetylcholine (ACh) as the neurotransmitter to pass the electrical signal to the muscle, causing contraction.
What initiates muscle contraction at the cellular level?
The transmission of the action potential to the muscle causes Ca²⁺ ions to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, initiating muscle contraction.
What is a sarcomere, and why is it important?
A sarcomere is the functional unit of muscles, and it is essential for muscle contraction.
Describe the process of muscle contraction according to the sliding filament model.
Muscle contraction involves the sliding of actin and myosin filaments within the sarcomere, leading to the shortening of muscle fibers through a series of steps, including:
- Ca²⁺ ions bind to troponin, changing tropomyosin’s conformation to expose myosin binding sites on actin.
- ATP hydrolysis occurs, powering up the myosin head into a “cocked” position.
- Myosin attaches to actin, triggering the power stroke and sliding actin toward the H-zone.
- Myosin remains attached until a new ATP molecule binds, breaking the cross-bridge.
5.ATP is hydrolyzed to return myosin to its “cocked” position, repeating the cycle.
What role does ATP play in muscle contraction?
ATP provides the energy for myosin to “cock” its head, detach from actin after the power stroke, and return to its original position for another contraction cycle.
What is the role of the protein titin in muscle function?
Titin helps sarcomeres recoil after stretching, prevents overstretching, and connects myosin filaments with the Z-line to ensure proper alignment.