AP HUG unit 2 Flashcards
What physical and human factors influence population distribution?
Physical factors: climate, landforms, water bodies
Human factors: cultural, economic, historical, political
These factors determine where humans choose to live to meet their basic needs.
What are the mid-latitude regions characterized by?
Regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees North and South of the Equator with moderate climate and better conditions for farming
Most people live within this latitude.
Where do most people tend to live in relation to freshwater?
Near lakes and rivers
Freshwater sources are crucial for drinking, irrigation, transportation, and fishing.
What are low-lying areas advantageous for?
Better soil for crops and proximity to oceans for trade
Oceans also help moderate climate.
What natural resources affect population settlement?
Forests, minerals, oil, etc.
These resources influence where people choose to live.
Economic factors:
Abundance of jobs and Transportation networks to gain access to markets such as Railroads, roads, rivers create linear patterns.
Cultural factors:
People with similar cultures group together. Religious groups like the Mormons and Amish moved to escape persecution and preserve their culture.
What is Eucemene?
Regions inhabited by human settlement
It contrasts with non-Eucemene, which are areas mostly uninhabited.
What is Non-Eucemen?
Refers to areas too difficult for large populations, making them mostly uninhabited.
What are the three methods for calculating population density?
Arithmetic density, physiological density, agricultural density
Each method reveals different pressures exerted by the population on land.
How is arithmetic density calculated?
Dividing a region’s population by its total area
It shows the average density, not the distribution.
What does physiological density measure?
Population divided by arable land
It helps assess the strain on land available for farming.
What does agricultural density indicate?
Number of farmers divided by arable land
It shows agricultural efficiency in different countries.
How does population distribution affect political processes?
It influences government redistricting and service allocation
Urban areas have smaller districts while rural areas have larger ones.
What is carrying capacity?
The number of people a place can support without damaging the environment
Exceeding it leads to overpopulation.
What is demographic momentum?
The tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline
This is due to a younger age distribution.
What does the crude birth rate (CBR) measure?
The number of live births per year per 1,000 people
It helps understand population growth.
What is the total fertility rate (TFR)?
Average number of children born per woman during childbearing years (15-49)
The replacement rate is typically 2.1.
What does the crude death rate (CDR) indicate?
The number of deaths in a country per 1,000 people
It is used to assess population decline.
What does the infant mortality rate (IMR) measure?
The number of children who die before their first birthday per 1,000
It reflects healthcare quality and living conditions.
What is the rate of natural increase (NIR)?
Percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining without migration
Calculated as RNI = (CBR - CDR) / 10.
What does the demographic balancing equation represent?
Total population change = Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants
It accounts for all factors affecting population size.
What are the stages of the demographic transition model?
Stage 1: Low growth
Stage 2: High growth
Stage 3: Slowing growth
Stage 4: Low/no growth
Stage 5: Declining population
Each stage reflects changes in birth and death rates.
What characterizes Stage 1 of the demographic transition model?
Very high CBR and CDR, producing a flat NIR
No country is currently in Stage 1.
What happens in Stage 2 of the demographic transition model?
High birth rates with rapidly falling death rates
This leads to significant population growth.
What is characteristic of Stage 3 in the demographic transition model?
Rapidly declining CBR and continuing low CDR
Population growth slows as birth rates drop.
What defines Stage 4 of the demographic transition model?
Low CBR and CDR, resulting in low or no NIR
Population remains steady with fluctuations due to ‘baby booms’.
What does Stage 5 of the demographic transition model indicate?
A declining population due to low birth rates overtaken by growing death rates
This stage is not originally part of the model but is observed in some post-industrial countries.
What is the dependency ratio?
Value comparing non-working people dependent on working adults
It indicates the financial burden on the productive population.
What is an expansive population pyramid?
A pyramid with a wide base indicating high birth rates and rapid population growth
Often shaped like a Christmas tree.
What does a stationary population pyramid look like?
Resembles a column, indicating birth rates cancel out with death rates
Population becomes stagnant.
What is a baby boom?
A rapid spike in birth rates, often after a war or during economic prosperity
It is followed by a baby bust.
What is the rule of 70 used for?
To estimate the doubling time of a population
Calculated as 70 divided by the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI).
What characterizes Stage 5 of population decline?
Very low CBR overtaken by a slightly growing CDR
Older generations dying-off; few children born to replace them. Negative NIR.
What does a Stage 5 population pyramid look like?
‘Reverse’ pyramid - thinner at base (low CBR)
Large older cohorts.
What is the Epidemiological Transition Model?
Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that correspond to DTM
Add the Epidemiological Transition Model to the DTM Chart.
Fill in the blank: In Stage 5, the birth rate is so low it falls below the _______.
death rate.
Who proposed the Malthusian Theory?
Thomas Malthus
Malthus (1766-1834) predicted that population would outpace food production.
What does the Malthusian Theory predict about population growth?
Population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically
This creates a J-curve scenario.
What do Neo-Malthusians argue?
Global overpopulation is still a greater threat.
Continued population growth will deplete non-renewable resources.
What are Anti-Natalist policies?
Laws or programs to decrease the number of births and TFR
Examples include banning child marriages.
What was China’s ‘One Child Policy’?
Policy from 1979-2016 limiting families to one child
Parents faced fines for having more than one child.
What are Pro-Natalist Policies?
Policies to increase fertility rates in declining populations
Examples include paid time off for mothers.
How has access to education affected women’s fertility rates?
Higher education leads to fewer children
Education delays marriage and childbearing.
What is the impact of family planning on fertility rates?
Decreases fertility rates and unintended pregnancies
Contraceptives play a key role.
What are some consequences of an aging population?
High elderly dependency ratios and strain on workforce
Increased medical costs and voting patterns favoring elderly.
What are push factors in migration?
Forces causing people to move due to negative circumstances
Examples include lack of jobs or discrimination.
What are pull factors in migration?
Forces that attract migrants to a certain destination
Examples include job opportunities and safety.
Define forced migration.
Movement of people who do not choose to relocate
Examples include slavery and refugees.
What is a refugee?
A migrant crossing an international border due to fear of harm
They have permission to stay in the host country.
What is step migration?
Migrants reach their destination through a series of smaller moves
Intervening opportunities can influence this process.
What is the Gravity Model in migration?
Larger cities create more gravitational pull due to economic opportunities
This explains rural to urban migration trends.
What is brain drain?
Highly educated/skilled workers leaving their home countries for better opportunities
It has negative effects on source countries.
What are remittances?
Transfers of money from foreign workers to individuals in their home country
Often sent to family members.
What is xenophobia?
Fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners
Can lead to cultural conflict.
How many waves of immigration has the U.S. experienced?
Four main waves
Each wave has distinct characteristics and origins.
What characterized the first wave of U.S. immigration?
British and African slaves
Took place from the 1600s to the early 1800s.
What characterized the second wave of U.S. immigration?
Northern and Western Europeans
Occurred from 1808 to 1890.
What characterized the third wave of U.S. immigration?
Southern and Eastern Europeans
Happened from 1890 to 1914.
What characterized the fourth wave of U.S. immigration?
Latin America and Asia
Started from 1945 and continues to present.
What was the time period of the 1st wave of European migration to the US?
Late 17th/Early 18th centuries
Approximately how many Europeans migrated to the US during the 1st wave?
About 2 million
From which region did 90% of the 1st wave immigrants originate?
Great Britain
What were the original settlements in the US where the 1st wave landed?
Jamestown and Plymouth
What was the time frame for the 2nd and 3rd waves of European migration?
Late 18th/Early 19th centuries
How many people approximately emigrated to the US between 1820 and 1920?
Approximately 32 million
What percentage of the 2nd and 3rd wave immigrants were from Europe?
90%
What stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) were European countries in during the 2nd and 3rd waves?
Stage 2
What were some push factors for migration during the 2nd and 3rd waves?
- Overpopulation
- Lack of jobs
What were some pull factors for migration to the U.S. during the 2nd and 3rd waves?
- Land for frontier expansion
- Need for workers due to industrialization
Which groups primarily migrated during the 2nd wave in the 1840s-50s?
Irish and German
What significant event began in Ireland that influenced migration during the 2nd wave?
Potato Famine
Which region’s immigrants were predominant during the 3rd wave (1905-14)?
Southern and Eastern Europe
What were some push factors for the 3rd wave immigrants?
- Natural disasters
- Bad economy
- Religious and ethnic persecution
What was the total number of German immigrants to the U.S. during the 2nd/3rd wave?
7.2 million
Fill in the blank: Immigration to the United States came to a sudden halt during ______.
WWI, the Great Depression, and WWII
What characterized the 4th wave of immigration?
Influx of Asian and Latin American immigrants
What economic opportunities attracted Chinese immigrants in the late 1800s?
Economic opportunities
Which group of immigrants came from Mexico during the 4th wave for economic reasons?
Mexicans
What was a significant shift in the U.S. economy that attracted immigrants during the 4th wave?
Shift from industry to services
Which Asian nations’ immigrants came to the U.S. during the 4th wave to escape war and persecution?
- Vietnam
- Korea
- Philippines
