A&P 1 Test 3 (Bio 102) Flashcards
Pass the exam
1
Q
5 Functions of the skeletal system
A
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood Cell Production
2
Q
4 components of the skeletal system
A
Bones - 206
Cartilage - Cushions Joints…nose and ears
Ligaments - Connects Bones to Bones
Tendons - Attach muscles
3
Q
How many bones are in the human body
A
206
4
Q
What does cartilage do?
A
Cushions joints and supports structures like the nose and ears.
5
Q
What do ligaments do?
A
Connect bones to other bones at joints.
6
Q
What do Tendons do?
A
Attach muscles to bones
7
Q
Which heals easily (by comparison) Ligaments or Tendons?
A
Tendons - better blood flow
8
Q
5 Classifications of bones (types of bones)
A
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
9
Q
Example of Long Bones
Longer than wide (so finger bones are “long”)
A
Used for movement
Femur and Humerus, etc…
10
Q
Example of Short Bones
(Cube-shaped, provide stability, support)
A
Carpals
Tarsals
11
Q
Example of Flat Bones (3)
(Thin and protect organs, sites of muscle attachment)
A
skull, ribs, sternum
12
Q
Example of Irregular Bones
(Complex shapes, Serve various functions)
A
vertebrae
pelvis
13
Q
Example of Sesamoid Bones
(Form within tendons to protect them)
A
Patella
14
Q
Anatomy of the long bone
(6 parts - D.E.M.M.P.E)
A
Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone.
Epiphysis: Ends of the bone (proximal and distal).
Metaphysis: Region between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains the growth plate.
Medullary cavity: Hollow area inside diaphysis containing yellow marrow.
Periosteum: Outer fibrous covering.
Endosteum: Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.
15
Q
Define Diaphysis
A
Shaft of the bone.
16
Q
Define Epiphysis
A
Ends of the bone (proximal and distal)
17
Q
Define Metaphysis
A
Region between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains the growth plate.
18
Q
Define Medullary Cavity
A
Hollow area inside diaphysis containing yellow marrow.
19
Q
Define Periosteum
A
Outer fibrous covering
20
Q
Define Endosteum
A
Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity
21
Q
Compact Bone has ___________
A
Thin outer layers
22
Q
Spongy Bone description
A
Central spongy bone contains red marrow
23
Q
Scientific Words for bony parts
F.T.C.F.C.P.T.M.S.S.
A
Foramen
Tuberosity
Condyle
Fossa
Crest
Process
Trochanter
Meatus
Sinus
Sulcus
24
Q
Foramen
A
Hole in a bone for passage of nerves/blood vessels (e.g., foramen magnum in skull).
25
Tuberosity
Rough projection for muscle attachment (e.g., tibial tuberosity).
26
Condyle
Rounded articular surface (e.g., occipital condyles).
27
Fossa
Shallow depression (e.g., olecranon fossa on humerus).
28
Crest
Narrow ridge (e.g., iliac crest).
29
Process
Projection for attachment (e.g., mastoid process of the skull).
30
Meatus
Canal-like passage (e.g., external auditory meatus).
31
Sinus
Cavity within a bone (e.g., frontal sinus)
32
Sulcus
Groove (e.g., intertubercular sulcus of humerus).
33
Trochanter
Large blunt projection (e.g., greater trochanter of femur).
34
Types of osseous tissue (3)
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
35
Osteoblasts
Bone-building cells, secrete bone matrix
36
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.
37
Bone cells (Osteo...) from monocyte stem cells and squamous stem cells
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
38
Composition of bones: Chemical (Organic and Inorganic parts)
Organic: Collagen fibers provide flexibility.
Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) provides strength and hardness.
39
Composition of bones: Structural (Compact and Spongy)
Compact bone: Dense, provides strength.
Spongy bone: Lightweight, houses marrow.
40
Osteon (Compact Bone)
Each osteon has a central canal with blood vessels and nerves.
41
Lamellae (Compact Bone)
Concentric rings around the central canal.
42
Lacunae (Compact Bone)
House osteocytes, connected by tiny canals called canaliculi.
43
Canaliculi (Compact Bone)
Small Channel or duct
44
Anatomy of Spongy bone
Composed of ____
Filled with ____
Composed of trabeculae (thin, needle-like pieces of bone).
Spaces between trabeculae are filled with red marrow.
45
2 types of bone coverings
periosteum and endosteum
46
Periosteum
Dense fibrous membrane covering the outside of bones
47
Periosteum Functions
Protection.
Attachment point for tendons/ligaments.
Contains nerves and blood vessels for nourishment.
48
Endosteum
Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity
49
Endosteum functions
Involved in bone growth and repair.
Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts for remodeling.
50
2 types of ossification
Intramembranous and Endochondral
51
Intramembranous ossification
Forms flat bones (e.g., skull, clavicle).
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which form bone directly without a cartilage model.
52
Endochondral ossification
Forms most bones (e.g., long bones).
Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone over time.
Osteoblasts build bone on the cartilage scaffold.
53
4 Hormones affecting bones and their effects
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormones
54
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts.
55
Calcitonin
Release when blood calcium is high. Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts.
56
Growth hormone
Stimulates bone growth during childhood.
57
Thyroid hormones
Regulate bone growth and metabolism.
58
Estrogen and Testosteron both do what.... and .... what happens to bones after menopause?
Estrogen and testosterone: Promote bone growth during puberty and lead to the closure of epiphyseal plates (stopping bone lengthening). After menopause, a decline in estrogen can lead to increased bone resorption and osteoporosis.
59
4 Conditions for normal bone growth
Adequate nutrients (calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus).
Proper hormone levels (growth hormone, thyroid hormones, sex hormones).
Mechanical stress (exercise, physical activity).
Good blood supply.
60
Bones grow in length (longitudinal) by....
Occurs at the epiphyseal plates via endochondral ossification. Cartilage grows on the epiphyseal side, and bone replaces cartilage on the diaphyseal side.
61
Bones grow in width (appositional)
Osteoblasts add bone tissue to the outer surface of the bone, while osteoclasts remove bone from the inner surface to maintain the medullary cavity.
62
Epiphyseal plates
Growth plates made of cartilage, present in growing children.
63
Epiphyseal lines
Remnants of the growth plates after they close during adulthood, indicating no further growth in length.
64
Effects of exercise and stress on bone
Weight-bearing exercises increase bone density by stimulating osteoblasts.
Lack of activity leads to bone loss (atrophy).
Bones remodel in response to mechanical stress (Wolff’s Law).
65
Wolff’s Law
Bones remodel in response to mechanical stress
66
Hematoma formation
Blood clot forms at the fracture site.
67
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Soft callus forms as cartilage fills the break.
68
Bony callus formation
Osteoblasts replace the cartilage with spongy bone
69
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts remove excess bone, and compact bone is laid down.
70
Effects of aging on the skeletal system
Bone mass decreases
Joints stiffen, and cartilage becomes less resilient.
Fractures become more common, and healing slows down.
71
Osteopenia
Reduced bone density
72
Osteoporosis
Causes bones to become weak and brittle
73
Function of Axial Skeleton
Protects organs (brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs) and provides a central framework.
74
Function of Appendicular Skeleton
Facilitates movement and includes the limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).
75
Intramembranous ossification process
Occurs in flat bones.
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix.
Osteocytes form as the matrix hardens, and compact bone forms around the spongy bone center.
76
Lordosis
Inward curvature of the spine, typically found in the lumbar region
77
Kyphosis
Outward curvature, often in the thoracic region, causing a "hunched" back appearance.
78
Scoliosis
Lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine, which can lead to a twisted posture if severe.
79
Which Spinal Curve is abnormal
Scoliosis
80
Blood calcium levels are tightly regulated by what system
the endocrine system.
81
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Released when blood calcium levels drop
Stimulates osteoclast activity to break down bone and release calcium into the bloodstream.
It also increases calcium absorption in the intestines and reduces calcium excretion by the kidneys.
82
Vitamin D
Enhances calcium absorption in the intestines, which indirectly affects calcium levels in the blood.
83
Skull: Occipital Bone Landmark
Foramen magnum: Large opening where the spinal cord exits the skull.
84
Skull: Occipital Bone Articulates with...
The atlas (C1 vertebra)
85
Skull: Occipital Bone Function
Allows the connection between the brain and spinal cord; the articulation with the atlas enables head nodding (yes motion)
86
Skull Temporal Bone Landmark
Mastoid process: A projection behind the ear that provides an attachment point for muscles like the sternocleidomastoid
87
Skull Temporal Bone Articulates with...
Mandible (at the temporomandibular joint or TMJ).
88
Skull Temporal Bone Function
Supports jaw movement and attachment of neck muscles.
89
Skull Sphenoid Bone Landmark
Sella turcica: A saddle-shaped depression that houses the pituitary gland.
90
Skull Sphenoid Bone Articulates with...
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and ethmoid bones.
91
Skull Sphenoid Bone Function
Provides structural support to the cranial cavity and houses the pituitary gland.
92
Skull Zygomatic Bone Landmark
Zygomatic arch: Formed by the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone, this structure gives shape to the cheek.
93
Skull Zygomatic Bone articulates with...
Maxilla, temporal, frontal, and sphenoid bones.
94
Skull Zygomatic Bone Function
Provides the structure of the face and forms part of the orbit.
95
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) Landmark
Transverse foramen (only in cervical vertebrae): Allows passage of the vertebral arteries to the brain.
96
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) articulates with...
Adjacent vertebrae, the atlas (C1) articulates with the occipital bone.
97
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) Function
Supports the head and allows for its movement, particularly at the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) joints.
98
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12) Landmark
Costal facets: Small depressions on the vertebral body and transverse processes where ribs articulate.
99
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12) Articulates with...
Ribs (at the costal facets)
100
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12) Function
Supports the rib cage and provides attachment points for the ribs, allowing for the protection of thoracic organs.
101
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Landmark
Large vertebral body: The lumbar vertebrae have large bodies to support the weight of the upper body.
102
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Articulates with...
Intervertebral discs and adjacent vertebrae.
103
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Function
Bears the majority of body weight and allows for movement such as flexion and extension.
104
Clavicle Landmark
Acts as a brace to keep the arm away from the thorax and allows for arm mobility.
105
Clavicle Articulates with...
Sternum (manubrium) and scapula (at the acromion).
105
Clavicle Function
Acts as a brace to keep the arm away from the thorax and allows for arm mobility.
106
Scapula Landmark
Glenoid cavity: Shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus
107
Scapula Articulates with:...
Clavicle and humerus (at the shoulder joint).
108
Scapula Function
Allows for a wide range of shoulder motion and serves as an attachment point for muscles.
109
Humerus Landmark
Olecranon fossa: Depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the arm is extended.
110
Humerus Articulates with...
Scapula (at the glenoid cavity) and ulna/radius (at the elbow joint).
111
Humerus Function
Supports arm movement and forms the upper arm's structure.
112
Radius Landmark
Radial head: Disc-shaped top part that articulates with the humerus and ulna.
113
Radius Articulates with...
Humerus (capitulum) and ulna (radial notch and ulnar notch).
114
Radius Function
Helps in forearm rotation and movement at the elbow and wrist.
115
Ulna Landmark
Olecranon: The bony prominence at the elbow.
116
Ulna Articulates with...
Humerus (at the olecranon fossa) and radius.
117
Ulna Function
Forms the elbow joint and provides stability to the forearm.
118
Pelvic Girdle: Ilium Landmark
Iliac crest: The uppermost edge of the pelvis, where muscles attach.
119
Pelvic Girdle: Ilium Articulates with...
Sacrum (at the sacroiliac joint).
120
Pelvic Girdle: Ilium Function
Supports body weight when sitting and standing, and serves as an attachment point for muscles.
121
Pelvic Girdle: Ischium Landmark
Ischial tuberosity: The part of the pelvis that supports body weight when sitting.
122
Pelvic Girdle: Ischium Function
Provides support for sitting and muscle attachment.
122
Pelvic Girdle: Ischium Articulates with...
The pubis and ilium
123
Pelvic Girdle: Pubis Landmark
Pubic symphysis: Joint where the two pubic bones meet at the front of the pelvis.
123
Pelvic Girdle: Pubis Articulates with...
The opposite pubic bone and the ilium.
124
Pelvic Girdle: Pubis Function
Supports pelvic organs and allows for slight movement between the two halves of the pelvis.
125
Femur Landmark
Head of the femur: Round top part that fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis.
126
Femur Articulates with...
Pelvis (at the acetabulum) and tibia (at the knee joint).
127
Femur Function
Supports body weight and allows for movement of the leg.
128
Tibia Landmark
Tibial tuberosity: A bump on the front of the tibia, just below the knee, where the patellar ligament attaches.
129
Tibia Articulates with...
Femur (at the knee joint) and talus (at the ankle).
130
Tibia Function
Bears weight and forms the lower leg
131
Fibula Landmark
Lateral malleolus: The outer ankle bone.
132
Fibula Articulates with...
Tibia and talus
132
Fibula Function:
Provides stability to the ankle and serves as a muscle attachment site.
133
Bony landmarks serve various functions
Attachment sites for muscles, tendons, and ligaments (e.g., tuberosities, crests, processes).
Pathways for nerves and blood vessels (e.g., foramina, grooves).
Joints for articulation with other bones (e.g., condyles, facets).
134
Bones that make up the eye orbit
Frontal (roof of the orbit).
Maxilla (floor of the orbit).
Zygomatic (lateral wall).
Lacrimal (medial wall).
Ethmoid (medial wall).
Sphenoid (back of the orbit).
Palatine (small part of the medial wall).
135
Maxillary sinuses
Located in the maxilla (cheekbone area); largest sinuses, involved in voice resonance and lightening the skull.
135
Ethmoid sinuses
Located between the eyes, within the ethmoid bone; part of the drainage system for mucus.
135
Frontal sinuses
Located in the frontal bone above the eyes; lighten the skull and help with voice resonance.
136
Sphenoid sinuses
Located behind the nasal cavity, within the sphenoid bone; assists with drainage and lightening the skull.
137
Fetal Skull Posterior fontanel
Smaller, located at the junction of the parietal and occipital bones.
137
Fetal Skull Anterior fontanel
Largest, located at the junction of the frontal and parietal bones.
138
Fetal Skull:
has soft spots called fontanels that allow for the skull to be compressed during birth and accommodate brain growth during infancy.
139
Fetal Skull Mastoid and sphenoid fontanels
Located at the sides of the skull.
140
Sagittal suture
Between the two parietal bones, running from front to back.
141
Coronal suture
Between the frontal and parietal bones, running side to side.
142
Lambdoidal suture
Between the parietal bones and occipital bone, in the back of the skull.
143
Squamous suture
Between the parietal and temporal bones, on the sides of the skull.
144
How the skull changes from birth to childhood
Skull grows rapidly as the brain enlarges
Fontanels close by the age of 2
Facial bones bone grow slowly, mandible and maxilla continue to grow in adolescence.
145
Spinal curves Primary curves (present at birth)
Thoracic curve
Sacral curve
146
Spinal curves Thoracic curve
Outward curve of the upper back (kyphotic).
Present at birth
147
Spinal curves Sacral curve
Outward curve of the lower back
Present at birth
148
Spinal Curves Secondary curves (develop after birth)
Cervical curve
Lumbar curve
149
Spinal Curves Cervical curve
Inward curve that develops when a baby lifts its head (lordotic).
After birth
150
Spinal Curves Lumbar curve
Inward curve that develops when a child starts walking (lordotic).
After birth
150
Spinal Curves Deviations Kyphosis
Excessive thoracic curvature (hunchback).
151
Spinal Curves Deviations
Lateral curvature of the spine.
151
Spinal Curves Deviations
Excessive lumbar curvature (swayback).
152
Pectoral girdle consists of
the clavicle and scapula, supports arm movement.
152
Appendicular skeleton includes
includes the limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).
152
Pelvic girdle: Composed of
the ilium, ischium, and pubis, supports lower limb movement and body weight.
153
Limb bones are
Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, etc. Key landmarks include condyles, epicondyles, and tuberosities for muscle attachment and articulation.
154
Bony differences between males and females - Pelvis
Female pelvis is wider and shallower, with a larger pelvic inlet and outlet to accommodate childbirth.
Male pelvis is narrower and more robust for support during locomotion.
155
Bony differences between males and females - Skull
Male skulls tend to have more prominent brow ridges, larger mastoid processes, and a squarer chin.
156
sutural bones are also called
Wormian
157
Adult skull has how may bones
22 bones (8 cranial and 14 facial).
158
Adult cranial bones
Frontal
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid.
159
Adult facial bones
Maxilla (2)
zygomatic (2),
nasal (2),
lacrimal (2),
palatine (2),
inferior nasal conchae (2),
vomer,
mandible.
160
Sutural bones (Wormian bones) are...
Extra bones that sometimes develop in the sutures of the skull, especially in the lambdoidal suture.
161
Vertebral body function
Weight-bearing portion.
162
Spinous process function
Projects posteriorly, attachment site for muscles and ligaments.
163
Vertebral arch function
Forms the vertebral foramen, protecting the spinal cord
164
Transverse processes function
Project laterally, muscle and ligament attachment.
164
Articular processes function
Form joints between vertebrae (superior and inferior facets)
165
Intervertebral discs function
Cushioning pads between vertebrae, absorb shock and allow flexibility
166
vertebral column changes over a lifetime
Childhood - flexible, more cartilage
With aging, intervertebral discs lose water content and elasticity, leading to a reduction in height and potential for disc herniation
Osteoporosis can lead to vertebral compression fractures in older adults.
167
Pelvis formed of...
ilium, ischium, and pubis, which fuse in adulthood.
168
Pelvis Function
Supports the weight of the upper body, protects pelvic organs, and provides attachment points for muscles of the lower limbs.
168
Pelvic girdle
Also articulates with the sacrum to form the pelvic cavity.
169
Pelvis Sexual dimorphism
Female pelvis is adapted for childbirth, with a wider inlet, broader shape, and a more flexible pubic symphysis.
