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Anatomy and Physiology College Test 3 Skeletal System > A&P 1 Test 3 (Bio 102) > Flashcards

A&P 1 Test 3 (Bio 102) Flashcards

Pass the exam

1
Q

5 Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood Cell Production

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2
Q

4 components of the skeletal system

A

Bones - 206
Cartilage - Cushions Joints…nose and ears
Ligaments - Connects Bones to Bones
Tendons - Attach muscles

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3
Q

How many bones are in the human body

A

206

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4
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

Cushions joints and supports structures like the nose and ears.

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5
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Connect bones to other bones at joints.

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6
Q

What do Tendons do?

A

Attach muscles to bones

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7
Q

Which heals easily (by comparison) Ligaments or Tendons?

A

Tendons - better blood flow

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8
Q

5 Classifications of bones (types of bones)

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

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9
Q

Example of Long Bones
Longer than wide (so finger bones are “long”)

A

Used for movement
Femur and Humerus, etc…

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10
Q

Example of Short Bones
(Cube-shaped, provide stability, support)

A

Carpals
Tarsals

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11
Q

Example of Flat Bones (3)
(Thin and protect organs, sites of muscle attachment)

A

skull, ribs, sternum

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12
Q

Example of Irregular Bones
(Complex shapes, Serve various functions)

A

vertebrae
pelvis

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13
Q

Example of Sesamoid Bones
(Form within tendons to protect them)

A

Patella

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14
Q

Anatomy of the long bone
(6 parts - D.E.M.M.P.E)

A

Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone.
Epiphysis: Ends of the bone (proximal and distal).
Metaphysis: Region between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains the growth plate.
Medullary cavity: Hollow area inside diaphysis containing yellow marrow.
Periosteum: Outer fibrous covering.
Endosteum: Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.

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15
Q

Define Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone.

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16
Q

Define Epiphysis

A

Ends of the bone (proximal and distal)

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17
Q

Define Metaphysis

A

Region between diaphysis and epiphysis, contains the growth plate.

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18
Q

Define Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow area inside diaphysis containing yellow marrow.

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19
Q

Define Periosteum

A

Outer fibrous covering

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20
Q

Define Endosteum

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

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21
Q

Compact Bone has ___________

A

Thin outer layers

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22
Q

Spongy Bone description

A

Central spongy bone contains red marrow

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23
Q

Scientific Words for bony parts
F.T.C.F.C.P.T.M.S.S.

A

Foramen
Tuberosity
Condyle
Fossa
Crest
Process
Trochanter
Meatus
Sinus
Sulcus

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24
Q

Foramen

A

Hole in a bone for passage of nerves/blood vessels (e.g., foramen magnum in skull).

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25
Q

Tuberosity

A

Rough projection for muscle attachment (e.g., tibial tuberosity).

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26
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular surface (e.g., occipital condyles).

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27
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression (e.g., olecranon fossa on humerus).

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28
Q

Crest

A

Narrow ridge (e.g., iliac crest).

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29
Q

Process

A

Projection for attachment (e.g., mastoid process of the skull).

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30
Q

Meatus

A

Canal-like passage (e.g., external auditory meatus).

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31
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone (e.g., frontal sinus)

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32
Q

Sulcus

A

Groove (e.g., intertubercular sulcus of humerus).

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33
Q

Trochanter

A

Large blunt projection (e.g., greater trochanter of femur).

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34
Q

Types of osseous tissue (3)

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

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35
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells, secrete bone matrix

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36
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

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37
Q

Bone cells (Osteo…) from monocyte stem cells and squamous stem cells

A

Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts

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38
Q

Composition of bones: Chemical (Organic and Inorganic parts)

A

Organic: Collagen fibers provide flexibility.

Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) provides strength and hardness.

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39
Q

Composition of bones: Structural (Compact and Spongy)

A

Compact bone: Dense, provides strength.

Spongy bone: Lightweight, houses marrow.

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40
Q

Osteon (Compact Bone)

A

Each osteon has a central canal with blood vessels and nerves.

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41
Q

Lamellae (Compact Bone)

A

Concentric rings around the central canal.

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42
Q

Lacunae (Compact Bone)

A

House osteocytes, connected by tiny canals called canaliculi.

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43
Q

Canaliculi (Compact Bone)

A

Small Channel or duct

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44
Q

Anatomy of Spongy bone
Composed of ____
Filled with ____

A

Composed of trabeculae (thin, needle-like pieces of bone).

Spaces between trabeculae are filled with red marrow.

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45
Q

2 types of bone coverings

A

periosteum and endosteum

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46
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense fibrous membrane covering the outside of bones

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47
Q

Periosteum Functions

A

Protection.

Attachment point for tendons/ligaments.

Contains nerves and blood vessels for nourishment.

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48
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

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49
Q

Endosteum functions

A

Involved in bone growth and repair.
Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts for remodeling.

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50
Q

2 types of ossification

A

Intramembranous and Endochondral

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51
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Forms flat bones (e.g., skull, clavicle).

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which form bone directly without a cartilage model.

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52
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Forms most bones (e.g., long bones).

Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone over time.

Osteoblasts build bone on the cartilage scaffold.

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53
Q

4 Hormones affecting bones and their effects

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcitonin

Growth hormone

Thyroid hormones

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54
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts.

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55
Q

Calcitonin

A

Release when blood calcium is high. Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts.

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56
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulates bone growth during childhood.

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57
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Regulate bone growth and metabolism.

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58
Q

Estrogen and Testosteron both do what…. and …. what happens to bones after menopause?

A

Estrogen and testosterone: Promote bone growth during puberty and lead to the closure of epiphyseal plates (stopping bone lengthening). After menopause, a decline in estrogen can lead to increased bone resorption and osteoporosis.

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59
Q

4 Conditions for normal bone growth

A

Adequate nutrients (calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus).

Proper hormone levels (growth hormone, thyroid hormones, sex hormones).

Mechanical stress (exercise, physical activity).

Good blood supply.

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60
Q

Bones grow in length (longitudinal) by….

A

Occurs at the epiphyseal plates via endochondral ossification. Cartilage grows on the epiphyseal side, and bone replaces cartilage on the diaphyseal side.

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61
Q

Bones grow in width (appositional)

A

Osteoblasts add bone tissue to the outer surface of the bone, while osteoclasts remove bone from the inner surface to maintain the medullary cavity.

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62
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

Growth plates made of cartilage, present in growing children.

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63
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A

Remnants of the growth plates after they close during adulthood, indicating no further growth in length.

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64
Q

Effects of exercise and stress on bone

A

Weight-bearing exercises increase bone density by stimulating osteoblasts.

Lack of activity leads to bone loss (atrophy).

Bones remodel in response to mechanical stress (Wolff’s Law).

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65
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bones remodel in response to mechanical stress

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66
Q

Hematoma formation

A

Blood clot forms at the fracture site.

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67
Q

Fibrocartilaginous callus

A

Soft callus forms as cartilage fills the break.

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68
Q

Bony callus formation

A

Osteoblasts replace the cartilage with spongy bone

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69
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Osteoclasts remove excess bone, and compact bone is laid down.

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70
Q

Effects of aging on the skeletal system

A

Bone mass decreases

Joints stiffen, and cartilage becomes less resilient.

Fractures become more common, and healing slows down.

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71
Q

Osteopenia

A

Reduced bone density

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72
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Causes bones to become weak and brittle

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73
Q

Function of Axial Skeleton

A

Protects organs (brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs) and provides a central framework.

74
Q

Function of Appendicular Skeleton

A

Facilitates movement and includes the limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).

75
Q

Intramembranous ossification process

A

Occurs in flat bones.

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix.

Osteocytes form as the matrix hardens, and compact bone forms around the spongy bone center.

76
Q

Lordosis

A

Inward curvature of the spine, typically found in the lumbar region

77
Q

Kyphosis

A

Outward curvature, often in the thoracic region, causing a “hunched” back appearance.

78
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine, which can lead to a twisted posture if severe.

79
Q

Which Spinal Curve is abnormal

A

Scoliosis

80
Q

Blood calcium levels are tightly regulated by what system

A

the endocrine system.

81
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Released when blood calcium levels drop

Stimulates osteoclast activity to break down bone and release calcium into the bloodstream.

It also increases calcium absorption in the intestines and reduces calcium excretion by the kidneys.

82
Q

Vitamin D

A

Enhances calcium absorption in the intestines, which indirectly affects calcium levels in the blood.

83
Q

Skull: Occipital Bone Landmark

A

Foramen magnum: Large opening where the spinal cord exits the skull.

84
Q

Skull: Occipital Bone Articulates with…

A

The atlas (C1 vertebra)

85
Q

Skull: Occipital Bone Function

A

Allows the connection between the brain and spinal cord; the articulation with the atlas enables head nodding (yes motion)

86
Q

Skull Temporal Bone Landmark

A

Mastoid process: A projection behind the ear that provides an attachment point for muscles like the sternocleidomastoid

87
Q

Skull Temporal Bone Articulates with…

A

Mandible (at the temporomandibular joint or TMJ).

88
Q

Skull Temporal Bone Function

A

Supports jaw movement and attachment of neck muscles.

89
Q

Skull Sphenoid Bone Landmark

A

Sella turcica: A saddle-shaped depression that houses the pituitary gland.

90
Q

Skull Sphenoid Bone Articulates with…

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and ethmoid bones.

91
Q

Skull Sphenoid Bone Function

A

Provides structural support to the cranial cavity and houses the pituitary gland.

92
Q

Skull Zygomatic Bone Landmark

A

Zygomatic arch: Formed by the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone, this structure gives shape to the cheek.

93
Q

Skull Zygomatic Bone articulates with…

A

Maxilla, temporal, frontal, and sphenoid bones.

94
Q

Skull Zygomatic Bone Function

A

Provides the structure of the face and forms part of the orbit.

95
Q

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) Landmark

A

Transverse foramen (only in cervical vertebrae): Allows passage of the vertebral arteries to the brain.

96
Q

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) articulates with…

A

Adjacent vertebrae, the atlas (C1) articulates with the occipital bone.

97
Q

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) Function

A

Supports the head and allows for its movement, particularly at the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) joints.

98
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12) Landmark

A

Costal facets: Small depressions on the vertebral body and transverse processes where ribs articulate.

99
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12) Articulates with…

A

Ribs (at the costal facets)

100
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12) Function

A

Supports the rib cage and provides attachment points for the ribs, allowing for the protection of thoracic organs.

101
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Landmark

A

Large vertebral body: The lumbar vertebrae have large bodies to support the weight of the upper body.

102
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Articulates with…

A

Intervertebral discs and adjacent vertebrae.

103
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Function

A

Bears the majority of body weight and allows for movement such as flexion and extension.

104
Q

Clavicle Landmark

A

Acts as a brace to keep the arm away from the thorax and allows for arm mobility.

105
Q

Clavicle Articulates with…

A

Sternum (manubrium) and scapula (at the acromion).

105
Q

Clavicle Function

A

Acts as a brace to keep the arm away from the thorax and allows for arm mobility.

106
Q

Scapula Landmark

A

Glenoid cavity: Shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus

107
Q

Scapula Articulates with:…

A

Clavicle and humerus (at the shoulder joint).

108
Q

Scapula Function

A

Allows for a wide range of shoulder motion and serves as an attachment point for muscles.

109
Q

Humerus Landmark

A

Olecranon fossa: Depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the arm is extended.

110
Q

Humerus Articulates with…

A

Scapula (at the glenoid cavity) and ulna/radius (at the elbow joint).

111
Q

Humerus Function

A

Supports arm movement and forms the upper arm’s structure.

112
Q

Radius Landmark

A

Radial head: Disc-shaped top part that articulates with the humerus and ulna.

113
Q

Radius Articulates with…

A

Humerus (capitulum) and ulna (radial notch and ulnar notch).

114
Q

Radius Function

A

Helps in forearm rotation and movement at the elbow and wrist.

115
Q

Ulna Landmark

A

Olecranon: The bony prominence at the elbow.

116
Q

Ulna Articulates with…

A

Humerus (at the olecranon fossa) and radius.

117
Q

Ulna Function

A

Forms the elbow joint and provides stability to the forearm.

118
Q

Pelvic Girdle: Ilium Landmark

A

Iliac crest: The uppermost edge of the pelvis, where muscles attach.

119
Q

Pelvic Girdle: Ilium Articulates with…

A

Sacrum (at the sacroiliac joint).

120
Q

Pelvic Girdle: Ilium Function

A

Supports body weight when sitting and standing, and serves as an attachment point for muscles.

121
Q

Pelvic Girdle: Ischium Landmark

A

Ischial tuberosity: The part of the pelvis that supports body weight when sitting.

122
Q

Pelvic Girdle: Ischium Function

A

Provides support for sitting and muscle attachment.

122
Q

Pelvic Girdle: Ischium Articulates with…

A

The pubis and ilium

123
Q

Pelvic Girdle: Pubis Landmark

A

Pubic symphysis: Joint where the two pubic bones meet at the front of the pelvis.

123
Q

Pelvic Girdle: Pubis Articulates with…

A

The opposite pubic bone and the ilium.

124
Q

Pelvic Girdle: Pubis Function

A

Supports pelvic organs and allows for slight movement between the two halves of the pelvis.

125
Q

Femur Landmark

A

Head of the femur: Round top part that fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis.

126
Q

Femur Articulates with…

A

Pelvis (at the acetabulum) and tibia (at the knee joint).

127
Q

Femur Function

A

Supports body weight and allows for movement of the leg.

128
Q

Tibia Landmark

A

Tibial tuberosity: A bump on the front of the tibia, just below the knee, where the patellar ligament attaches.

129
Q

Tibia Articulates with…

A

Femur (at the knee joint) and talus (at the ankle).

130
Q

Tibia Function

A

Bears weight and forms the lower leg

131
Q

Fibula Landmark

A

Lateral malleolus: The outer ankle bone.

132
Q

Fibula Articulates with…

A

Tibia and talus

132
Q

Fibula Function:

A

Provides stability to the ankle and serves as a muscle attachment site.

133
Q

Bony landmarks serve various functions

A

Attachment sites for muscles, tendons, and ligaments (e.g., tuberosities, crests, processes).

Pathways for nerves and blood vessels (e.g., foramina, grooves).

Joints for articulation with other bones (e.g., condyles, facets).

134
Q

Bones that make up the eye orbit

A

Frontal (roof of the orbit).

Maxilla (floor of the orbit).

Zygomatic (lateral wall).

Lacrimal (medial wall).

Ethmoid (medial wall).

Sphenoid (back of the orbit).

Palatine (small part of the medial wall).

135
Q

Maxillary sinuses

A

Located in the maxilla (cheekbone area); largest sinuses, involved in voice resonance and lightening the skull.

135
Q

Ethmoid sinuses

A

Located between the eyes, within the ethmoid bone; part of the drainage system for mucus.

135
Q

Frontal sinuses

A

Located in the frontal bone above the eyes; lighten the skull and help with voice resonance.

136
Q

Sphenoid sinuses

A

Located behind the nasal cavity, within the sphenoid bone; assists with drainage and lightening the skull.

137
Q

Fetal Skull Posterior fontanel

A

Smaller, located at the junction of the parietal and occipital bones.

137
Q

Fetal Skull Anterior fontanel

A

Largest, located at the junction of the frontal and parietal bones.

138
Q

Fetal Skull:

A

has soft spots called fontanels that allow for the skull to be compressed during birth and accommodate brain growth during infancy.

139
Q

Fetal Skull Mastoid and sphenoid fontanels

A

Located at the sides of the skull.

140
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Between the two parietal bones, running from front to back.

141
Q

Coronal suture

A

Between the frontal and parietal bones, running side to side.

142
Q

Lambdoidal suture

A

Between the parietal bones and occipital bone, in the back of the skull.

143
Q

Squamous suture

A

Between the parietal and temporal bones, on the sides of the skull.

144
Q

How the skull changes from birth to childhood

A

Skull grows rapidly as the brain enlarges

Fontanels close by the age of 2

Facial bones bone grow slowly, mandible and maxilla continue to grow in adolescence.

145
Q

Spinal curves Primary curves (present at birth)

A

Thoracic curve

Sacral curve

146
Q

Spinal curves Thoracic curve

A

Outward curve of the upper back (kyphotic).

Present at birth

147
Q

Spinal curves Sacral curve

A

Outward curve of the lower back

Present at birth

148
Q

Spinal Curves Secondary curves (develop after birth)

A

Cervical curve

Lumbar curve

149
Q

Spinal Curves Cervical curve

A

Inward curve that develops when a baby lifts its head (lordotic).

After birth

150
Q

Spinal Curves Lumbar curve

A

Inward curve that develops when a child starts walking (lordotic).

After birth

150
Q

Spinal Curves Deviations Kyphosis

A

Excessive thoracic curvature (hunchback).

151
Q

Spinal Curves Deviations

A

Lateral curvature of the spine.

151
Q

Spinal Curves Deviations

A

Excessive lumbar curvature (swayback).

152
Q

Pectoral girdle consists of

A

the clavicle and scapula, supports arm movement.

152
Q

Appendicular skeleton includes

A

includes the limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).

152
Q

Pelvic girdle: Composed of

A

the ilium, ischium, and pubis, supports lower limb movement and body weight.

153
Q

Limb bones are

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, etc. Key landmarks include condyles, epicondyles, and tuberosities for muscle attachment and articulation.

154
Q

Bony differences between males and females - Pelvis

A

Female pelvis is wider and shallower, with a larger pelvic inlet and outlet to accommodate childbirth.

Male pelvis is narrower and more robust for support during locomotion.

155
Q

Bony differences between males and females - Skull

A

Male skulls tend to have more prominent brow ridges, larger mastoid processes, and a squarer chin.

156
Q

sutural bones are also called

A

Wormian

157
Q

Adult skull has how may bones

A

22 bones (8 cranial and 14 facial).

158
Q

Adult cranial bones

A

Frontal
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid.

159
Q

Adult facial bones

A

Maxilla (2)
zygomatic (2),
nasal (2),
lacrimal (2),
palatine (2),
inferior nasal conchae (2),
vomer,
mandible.

160
Q

Sutural bones (Wormian bones) are…

A

Extra bones that sometimes develop in the sutures of the skull, especially in the lambdoidal suture.

161
Q

Vertebral body function

A

Weight-bearing portion.

162
Q

Spinous process function

A

Projects posteriorly, attachment site for muscles and ligaments.

163
Q

Vertebral arch function

A

Forms the vertebral foramen, protecting the spinal cord

164
Q

Transverse processes function

A

Project laterally, muscle and ligament attachment.

164
Q

Articular processes function

A

Form joints between vertebrae (superior and inferior facets)

165
Q

Intervertebral discs function

A

Cushioning pads between vertebrae, absorb shock and allow flexibility

166
Q

vertebral column changes over a lifetime

A

Childhood - flexible, more cartilage

With aging, intervertebral discs lose water content and elasticity, leading to a reduction in height and potential for disc herniation

Osteoporosis can lead to vertebral compression fractures in older adults.

167
Q

Pelvis formed of…

A

ilium, ischium, and pubis, which fuse in adulthood.

168
Q

Pelvis Function

A

Supports the weight of the upper body, protects pelvic organs, and provides attachment points for muscles of the lower limbs.

168
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Also articulates with the sacrum to form the pelvic cavity.

169
Q

Pelvis Sexual dimorphism

A

Female pelvis is adapted for childbirth, with a wider inlet, broader shape, and a more flexible pubic symphysis.

Anatomy and Physiology College Test 3 Skeletal System (1 decks)

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